United States v. Smith’s Empirical Analysis
423 F.3d 25 · 2005
Citation profile
25 federal appellate · 10 district · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 43 later decisions — most recently April 2023 · most notably State v. Garcia-Cantu (2008), Couden v. Duffy (2006)
25 federal appellate · 10 district · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 922 (Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Florida v. Royer · Ornelas v. United States · United States v. Mendenhall · Florida v. Bostick
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 43 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[S]ince most tend to feel some degree of compulsion when confronted by law enforcement officers asking questions, such discomfort cannot be the measure of a Fourth Amendment seizure. If it were, officers would effectively be barred from approaching citizens at all, absent full-blown probable cause.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“threatening presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer's request might be compelled”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“did not summon [the defendant] to the [police] car, or ask him to move from his seat on the wall, or demand that he do anything”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.