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424 F.2d 942

Docket Nos. 23073, 23074.

United States v. Cunningham

District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals

Argued March 9, 1970.

Decided April 1, 1970.

Certiorari Denied June 22, 1970.

District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals · decided 1970-04-01

2 counsel of record

Key passage — most relied on by later courts

“[a] lack of probable cause cannot be made up in hindsight by a hypothetical variation in the basis on which a search was conducted,”

quoted by 2 later decisions, including United States v. Collins, United States v. Joseph P. Branch, United States of America v. Eric B. Garrison

Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Brinegar v. United States · Beck v. State of Ohio

Good law ✅— No negative treatment on recordhow we know

Opinion by (per_curiam) · Decided 1970-04-01

How this case has been cited

Cited by 12 later decisions — most recently December 1993

7 federal appellate · 4 state decisions

90197019801990decided

Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.

View the full empirical analysis of this case →

¶1See 90 S.Ct. 2218.

¶2*943Mr. Ralph E. Becker, Washington, D. C. (appointed by this Court) and Mr. William W. Becker, Washington, D. C., for appellants.

¶3Mr. James L. Lyons, Asst. U. S. Atty., with whom Messrs. Thomas A. Flannery, U. S. Atty., John A. Terry, and Nicholas S. Nunzio, Asst. U. S. Attys., were on the brief, for appellee.

¶4Before BAZELON, Chief Judge, and WRIGHT and MacKINNON, Circuit Judges.

¶5PER CURIAM:

¶6Appellants raise a spate of objections to their convictions for second degree burglary, 22 D.C.Code § 1801(b) (Supp. II, 1969), grand larceny, 22 D.C.Code § 2201 (1967), and, in appellant Thaxton’s case, carrying a dangerous weapon, 22 D. C.Code § 3204 (1967). We need discuss only their contention that the evidence obtained in a search incident to their arrest should have been suppressed for want of probable cause.

¶7The Government’s first response is that we need not reach the question of probable cause. It argues that, whether or not probable cause existed, appellant’s conduct was suspicious enough to justify a “stop and frisk.” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).1 A frisk would have disclosed Thaxton’s concealed pistol; the officers would then have had probable cause to arrest and search both men and their automobile. Therefore, the argument goes, an arrest and incident search (which were not permissible in the known circumstances) should be held valid if a frisk (which was justified) would eventually have produced the same incriminating evidence. But this syllogism must be rejected for the same reason that “a search is not to be made legal by what it turns up.” United States v. Di Re, 332 U.S. 581, 595, 68 S.Ct. 222, 229, 92 L.Ed. 210 (1948). A lack of probable cause cannot be made up in hindsight by a hypothetical variation in the basis on which a search was conducted.

¶8We turn then to the question of probable cause, which is an extremely close one in this case. A careful review of the record has led us to conclude that, on balance, the decision to arrest appellants had adequate support. The specific facts articulated by the arresting officers, including Cunningham’s furtive disposal of the instrumentalities of the burglary and Thaxton’s attempt to get his gun out of his pocket as the officers approached, “warrant [ed] a prudent man in believing that the offense [had] been committed” by the appellants. Henry v. United States, 361 U.S. 98, 102, 80 S.Ct. 168, 171, 4 L.Ed.2d 134 (1959).2 Accordingly, the judgment of the District Court must be

¶9Affirmed.

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