United States v. Santana’s Empirical Analysis
1976
Citation profile
693 federal appellate · 66 district · 1,183 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 2,433 later decisions (43 by the Supreme Court) — most recently July 2025 · most notably Payton v. New York (1980), Delaware v. Prouse (1979)
693 federal appellate · 66 district · 1,183 state decisions — followed in 45 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedthe decision below (from Third Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Relies on Katz v. United States · Chimel v. California · Coolidge v. New Hampshire · Roe v. Wade · Furman v. Georgia
Cited together with Payton v. New York · Welsh v. Wisconsin · Warden, Maryland Penitentiary v. Hayden · United States v. Watson · Katz v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 2,433 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[w]hat a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection.”
83 later decisions quote this exact passage“a suspect may not defeat an arrest which has been set in motion in a public place ... by the expedient of escaping to a private place.”
19 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“one step forward would have put her outside, one step backward would have put her in the vestibule of her residence.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.