Castaneda v. Partida’s Empirical Analysis
1977
Citation profile
968 federal appellate · 215 district · 865 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 3,158 later decisions (69 by the Supreme Court) — most recently July 2025 · most notably Batson v. Kentucky (1986), Wainwright v. Sykes (1977)
968 federal appellate · 215 district · 865 state decisions — followed in 42 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedPartida v. Castaneda (from Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Relies on United States v. United States Gypsum Co. · Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. · Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. · Gerstein v. Pugh · Stone v. Powell
Cited together with Hazelwood School District v. United States · Duren v. Missouri · International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States · Taylor v. Louisiana · McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 3,158 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“one that is a recognizable, distinct class, singled out for different treatment under the laws, as written or applied.”
105 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[a]s a general rule for ... large samples, if the difference between the expected value and the observed number is greater than two or three standard deviations, then the hypothesis that the [disparity] was random would be suspect to a social scientist.”
34 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“Because of the many facets of human motivation, it would be unwise to presume as a matter of law that human beings of one definable group will not discriminate against other members of their group.”
14 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.