United States v. Willis’s Empirical Analysis
431 F.3d 708 · 2005
Citation profile
16 federal appellate · 7 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 45 later decisions — most recently June 2022 · most notably State v. Styles (2008), United States v. Delfin-Colina (2006)
16 federal appellate · 7 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 922 (Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act) · 28 U.S.C. § 534 (National Law) · 28 U.S.C. § 636
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Schmerber v. State of California · Whren v. United States · United States v. Cortez · United States v. Sokolow
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 45 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Was the Court [by its language in Whren], shifting gears, now requiring "probable cause” as the predicate for a traffic stop? The consensus is to the contrary. As Judge William Fletcher has recently observed, the Second, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh Circuits have all “construed Whren to require only that the police have 'reasonable suspicion' to believe that a traffic law has been broken.””
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the dissente.g. State v. Hett“The Fourth Amendment prohibits `unreasonable searches and seizures' by the Government, and its protections extend to brief investigatory stops of persons or vehicles that fall short of traditional arrest.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“Whren stands for the proposition that if the officers have probable cause to believe that a traffic violation occurred, the officers may conduct a traffic stop even if the stop serves some other purpose.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.