United States v. Jacobs’s Empirical Analysis
431 F.3d 99 · 2005
Citation profile
4 federal appellate · 8 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 35 later decisions — most recently December 2025 · most notably Halsey v. Pfeiffer (2014), United States v. King (2010)
4 federal appellate · 8 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 3731 · 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Miranda v. State of Arizona Vignera · Schneckloth v. Bustamonte · Brady v. United States · Colorado v. Connelly · Mincey v. Arizona
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 35 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Statements made to a law enforcement officer are inadmissible into evidence if the statements are “involuntary.” Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 225-26 , 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973); see also Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 165 , 107 S.Ct. 515 , 93 L.Ed.2d 473 (1986) (involuntary confessions violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments). A statement is given voluntarily if, when viewed in the totality of the circumstances, it is the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by its maker. Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 225 , 93 S.Ct. 2041 ; United States v. Swint, 15 F.3d 286, 289 (3d Cir.1994). If an individual’s will is overborne or that person’s capacity for self-determination is critically impaired, her or his statements are involuntary. Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 225-26 , 93 S.Ct. 2041 . A suspect’s background experience, including prior dealings with the criminal justice system, should be taken into account in the voluntariness inquiry. See Oregon v. Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039, 1046 , 103 S.Ct. 2830 , 77 L.Ed.2d 405 (1983) (plurality); United States v. Ve lasquez, 885 F.2d 1076, 1086 (3d Cir.1989). A necessary predicate to a finding of involuntariness is coercive police activity. Connelly, 479 U.S. at 167 , 107 S.Ct. 515 . Further, there must be some causal connection between the police conduct and the confession. Id. at 164 , 107 S.Ct. 515 . The burden is on the Government to establish, by a preponderance of the evidenc”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“California v. Beheler , 463 U.S. 1121 , 1125, 103 S.Ct. 3517 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1275 (1983), if”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“a reasonable person would have believed that he [or she] was not free to leave.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.