Lefkowitz v. Cunningham’s Empirical Analysis
1977
Citation profile
348 federal appellate · 64 district · 452 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 1,149 later decisions (20 by the Supreme Court) — most recently January 2025 · most notably Minnesota v. Murphy (1984), Jenkins v. Anderson (1980)
348 federal appellate · 64 district · 452 state decisions — followed in 44 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Simmons v. United States · Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School District 205 Will County Illinois · Buckley v. Valeo · Elrod v. Burns · Malloy v. Hogan
Cited together with Lefkowitz v. Turley · Garrity v. State of New Jersey · Gardner v. Broderick · Minnesota v. Murphy · Baxter v. Palmigiano
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 1,149 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“capable of forcing the self-incrimination which the Amendment forbids.”
28 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“refusal to waive the Fifth Amendment privilege leads automatically and without more to imposition of sanctions.”
18 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“a State may not impose substantial penalties because a witness elects to exercise his Fifth Amendment right not to give incriminating testimony against himself.”
15 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. People v. Boyd · State v. Fuller
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.