Brennan v. Armstrong’s Empirical Analysis
1977
Citation profile
30 federal appellate · 5 district · 9 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 115 later decisions (8 by the Supreme Court) — most recently August 2017 · most notably Columbus Board of Education v. Penick (1979), Kevin Armstrong v. Board Of School Directors Of The City Of Milwaukee (1980)
30 federal appellate · 5 district · 9 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedArmstrong v. Brennan (from Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Relies on Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. · Washington v. Davis · Milliken v. Bradley · Dayton Board of Education v. Brinkman
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 115 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“If [intentional discrimination by the school board is] found, the District Court in the first instance, subject to review by the Court of Appeals, must determine how much incremental segregative effect these violations had on the racial distribution of the Dayton school population as presently constituted, when that distribution is compared to what it would have been in the absence of such constitutional violations. The remedy must be designed to redress that difference .”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.