United States v. Virginia’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

18 federal appellate · 2 state decisions

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 24 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. “[I]f the conditions that we impose below are fulfilled, the opportunities that would be open both to men and women are sufficiently comparable. We therefore are satisfied that the special intermediate scrutiny test defined for this case has been met, insofar as a proposed program can meet this test, by the VWIL program proposed at Mary Baldwin College.”

   3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
   e.g. United States v. Virginia · United States v. Virginia

2. “'legitimate and important,' " (2) there must be the " 'requisite direct, substantial relationship between objective and means,' " and (3) there must be "substantive comparability of the mutually exclusive programs provided to men and women.”

   3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
   e.g. United States v. Virginia · United States v. Commonwealth of Virginia George F. Allen, Governor, of the Commonwealth of Virginia Virginia Military Institute Joseph M. Spivey, Iii, President of the Virginia Military Institute Board of Visitors John Williams Knapp, Superintendent of Virginia Military Institute the Board of Visitors of Virginia Military Institute Vmi Foundation, Incorporated Vmi Alumni Association the Virginia State Council of Higher Education and Its Members and Officers Thomas N. Downing Elizabeth P. Hoisington, Brig. Gen. Robert Q. Marston A. Courtland Spotts, III Daniel F. Flowers B. Powell Harrison, Jr. Robert H. Spilman Samuel E. Woolwine James W. Enochs, Jr. William A. Hazel Harvey S. Sadow Douglas K. Baumgartner Daniel D. Cameron Glen N. Jones John W. Roberts, and Gordon K. Davies, the National Women's Law Center American Association of University Women American Civil Liberties Union California Women's Law Center Center for Women Policy Studies Connecticut Women's Education and Legal Fund Equal Rights Advocates Federally Employed Women, Inc. Feminist Majority Foundation Human Rights Campaign Fund Lawyer's Committee for Civil Rights Under Law National Association for Girls & Women in Sport National Association of Commissions for Women National Council of Negro Women National Education Association National Gay and Lesbian Task Force National Hookup of Black Women National Organization for Women Now Legal Defense and Education Fund National Women's Conference Committee National Women's Party Northwest Women's Law Center Trial Lawyers for Public Justice Women Employed Women's Law Project Women's Legal Defense Fund Ywca of the U.S.A. Mary Baldwin College Wells College Saint Mary's College Southern Virginia College, Amici Curiae. United States of America v. Commonwealth of Virginia George F. Allen, Governor, of the Commonwealth of Virginia Virginia Military Institute Joseph M. Spivey, Iii, President of the Virginia Military Institute Board of Visitors John Williams Knapp, Superintendent of Virginia Military Institute the Board of Visitors of Virginia Military Institute Vmi Foundation, Incorporated Vmi Alumni Association the Virginia State Council of Higher Education and Its Members and Officers Thomas N. Downing Elizabeth P. Hoisington, Brig. Gen. Robert Q. Marston A. Courtland Spotts, III Daniel F. Flowers B. Powell Harrison, Jr. Robert H. Spilman Samuel E. Woolwine James W. Enochs, Jr. William A. Hazel Harvey S. Sadow Douglas K. Baumgartner Daniel D. Cameron Glen N. Jones John W. Roberts, and Gordon K. Davies, the National Women's Law Center American Association of University Women American Civil Liberties Union California Women's Law Center Center for Women Policy Studies Connecticut Women's Education and Legal Fund Equal Rights Advocates Federally Employed Women, Inc. Feminist Majority Foundation Human Rights Campaign Fund Lawyer's Committee for Civil Rights Under Law National Association for Girls & Women in Sport National Association of Commissions for Women National Council of Negro Women National Education Association National Gay and Lesbian Task Force National Hookup of Black Women National Organization for Women Now Legal Defense and Education Fund National Women's Conference Committee National Women's Party Northwest Women's Law Center Trial Lawyers for Public Justice Women Employed Women's Law Project Women's Legal Defense Fund Ywca of the U.S.A. Mary Baldwin College Wells College Saint Mary's College Southern Virginia College, Amici Curiae

3. “lacks the historical benefit and prestige of a degree from VMI.”

   3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
   e.g. United States v. Virginia · United States v. Commonwealth of Virginia George F. Allen, Governor, of the Commonwealth of Virginia Virginia Military Institute Joseph M. Spivey, Iii, President of the Virginia Military Institute Board of Visitors John Williams Knapp, Superintendent of Virginia Military Institute the Board of Visitors of Virginia Military Institute Vmi Foundation, Incorporated Vmi Alumni Association the Virginia State Council of Higher Education and Its Members and Officers Thomas N. Downing Elizabeth P. Hoisington, Brig. Gen. Robert Q. Marston A. Courtland Spotts, III Daniel F. Flowers B. Powell Harrison, Jr. Robert H. Spilman Samuel E. Woolwine James W. Enochs, Jr. William A. Hazel Harvey S. Sadow Douglas K. Baumgartner Daniel D. Cameron Glen N. Jones John W. Roberts, and Gordon K. Davies, the National Women's Law Center American Association of University Women American Civil Liberties Union California Women's Law Center Center for Women Policy Studies Connecticut Women's Education and Legal Fund Equal Rights Advocates Federally Employed Women, Inc. Feminist Majority Foundation Human Rights Campaign Fund Lawyer's Committee for Civil Rights Under Law National Association for Girls & Women in Sport National Association of Commissions for Women National Council of Negro Women National Education Association National Gay and Lesbian Task Force National Hookup of Black Women National Organization for Women Now Legal Defense and Education Fund National Women's Conference Committee National Women's Party Northwest Women's Law Center Trial Lawyers for Public Justice Women Employed Women's Law Project Women's Legal Defense Fund Ywca of the U.S.A. Mary Baldwin College Wells College Saint Mary's College Southern Virginia College, Amici Curiae. United States of America v. Commonwealth of Virginia George F. Allen, Governor, of the Commonwealth of Virginia Virginia Military Institute Joseph M. Spivey, Iii, President of the Virginia Military Institute Board of Visitors John Williams Knapp, Superintendent of Virginia Military Institute the Board of Visitors of Virginia Military Institute Vmi Foundation, Incorporated Vmi Alumni Association the Virginia State Council of Higher Education and Its Members and Officers Thomas N. Downing Elizabeth P. Hoisington, Brig. Gen. Robert Q. Marston A. Courtland Spotts, III Daniel F. Flowers B. Powell Harrison, Jr. Robert H. Spilman Samuel E. Woolwine James W. Enochs, Jr. William A. Hazel Harvey S. Sadow Douglas K. Baumgartner Daniel D. Cameron Glen N. Jones John W. Roberts, and Gordon K. Davies, the National Women's Law Center American Association of University Women American Civil Liberties Union California Women's Law Center Center for Women Policy Studies Connecticut Women's Education and Legal Fund Equal Rights Advocates Federally Employed Women, Inc. Feminist Majority Foundation Human Rights Campaign Fund Lawyer's Committee for Civil Rights Under Law National Association for Girls & Women in Sport National Association of Commissions for Women National Council of Negro Women National Education Association National Gay and Lesbian Task Force National Hookup of Black Women National Organization for Women Now Legal Defense and Education Fund National Women's Conference Committee National Women's Party Northwest Women's Law Center Trial Lawyers for Public Justice Women Employed Women's Law Project Women's Legal Defense Fund Ywca of the U.S.A. Mary Baldwin College Wells College Saint Mary's College Southern Virginia College, Amici Curiae