Schulz v. Long’s Empirical Analysis
44 F.3d 643 · 1995
Citation profile
20 federal appellate · 13 district · 9 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 68 later decisions — most recently April 2025 · most notably Salim I/o v. Proulx (1996), David Weber/appellant v. Strippit Inc (1999)
20 federal appellate · 13 district · 9 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Graham v. Connor · Tennessee v. Garner · California v. Hodari D. · Florida Rock Industries, Inc. v. United States · Scott v. Henrich
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 68 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[T]he Fourth Amendment does not require officers to use the best technique available as long as their method is reasonable under the circumstances.”
10 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Police officers have tough jobs, and the calculus of reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments-in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“It is the law in this circuit . . . that a municipality may not be held liable on a failure to train theory unless an underlying Constitutional violation is located.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.