¶1This action is in the nature of a creditor’s bill to enforce a judgment for $1,168 50, damages and costs, recovered by the plaintiff, against Robert Stokes, in this court, on the 24th day of September, 1868, against the property of Jane Stokes, the wife of said judgment debtor, after execution returned wholly unsatisfied.
¶2I do not propose to examine any of the evidence in the case except what related to an amount of money which Robert Stokes made during the rebellion in procuring volunteers for the army. Stokes admits that he received during the last two years of the war between $2,000 and $3,000 in the business of obtaining volunteers, and of this sum, $500 viere given by him to his wife, and were used by her in her business or in erecting houses on lands owned by her in the city of Syracuse.
¶3He says, “ I think I might have given her $500 of it, perhaps a little more or a little less—it may have been a good deal more or a little less; my wife may have paid it toward the houses she owns.”
¶4The wife testifies : “I never had any other money given me except about $500 at the time of the war, when he, her husband, was putting in substitutes … My hus-
¶5and may have given me more than $500; we never have kept any accounts.”
¶6Stokes also says that he kept no account of what he gave his wife; that he-might have given her over $500 ; that he cannot tell the amount that he did let her have.
¶7The treasurer of the Syracuse savings institution testified that on the 11 th day of February, 1864, there was deposited to the credit of Jane Stokes, $1,700, and on the 24th day of March following, $1,400.
¶8There were deposited after that sums varying from $100 *383to $800. The last entry was on the 11th day of June, 1869.
¶9It does not follow that the $1,400 and the $1,700 above mentioned came from Robert Stokes, but when the parties who received and paid the money, and who were in modérate circumstances, are wholly unable to specify the amount received by the wife, and it appears that Mrs. Stokes received about the amount so deposited, it throws upon the defendants the burthen of proving how much was received by the wife, or the presumption legitimately arises that she received at least the $500.
¶10When Mrs. Stokes received the money her husband was indebted to divers persons in small sums, but not to the plaintiff. The statute 'declares the gift to the wife fraudulent, as agaihst-those creditors.
¶11The fraudulent intent was proved by several witnesses, one of whom only was impeached or contradicted.
¶12It is well settled that when a conveyance is executed with intent to defraud creditors, it is void, not only as to existing, but as to future creditors (King agt. Wilcox, 11 Paige, 589; 1 Story, Eq., § 361; Case agt. Phelps, &c., 39 N. Y., 164).
¶13The referee was wrong in holding the dealings between husband and wife not fraudulent, unless the money was paid to her by way of loan, and it has since been repaid by her.
¶14A loan is not presumed. It was a gift pure and simple. Although it was á gift, a redelivery of the money to the husband would probably relieve her from the imputation of fraud, under which she would otherwise rest, and for which fraud she would be liable to her husband’s creditors.
¶15But there is no evidence that any such thing was done, or intended to be done.
¶16Both say she has paid in fines, and for him, as much as she has received; but they have kept no account of what *384was thus paid, if the payment could be. applied as a return of the gift.
¶17It will not do to allow such loose and unsatisfactory evidence to cover up -the dealings between the parties engaged in defrauding the creditors of either or both.
¶18It cannot be said, with any degree of certainty, that the wiíe has aciually paid back $100. Although these parties are illiterate, they cannot be relieved altogether from the duty of showing, with reasonable certainty, the precise ex-, tent and nature of their dealings, when such dealings are subjects of «investigation.
¶19It would not be tolerated that when 'a debtor, intending to defraud his creditor, sells his property to another, that payment of the purchase money could .be proved by such evidence as was given in this case. • For the purchaser to say, I paid the price, but I cannot tell when or how, or in what sums, would not be received as evidence which would justify a court or jury in finding the fact of payment.
¶20On another trial more reliable evidence may be given, that will relieve the defense from the suspicion that is cast upon it by the testimony of the defendants.
¶21. The judgment is reversed, and a new trial ordered; costs to abide the event, and the order of reference to be vacated.
¶22Talcott and Smith, JJ.} concurred..