Crawley v. State’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

13 state decisions

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 13 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. “"[T]o stop a person for questioning or investigatory detention does not require probable cause. Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); Bagony v. City of Birmingham , 371 So.2d 80 (Ala.Cr.App. 1979); Ala. Code § 15-5-30 (1975); 3 Search §§ 9.1 through 9.6. The officer need only be able to articulate specific facts and inferences that lead to a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Terry , 392 U.S. at 21 , 88 S.Ct. at 1879 . The degree of reasonable suspicion necessary to make a stop was articulated in United States v. Cortez , 449 U.S. 411 , 417-18 , 101 S.Ct. 690 , 694-695 , 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981): `(b) based upon the whole picture the determining officer must have a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal activity.' "`A policeman who lacks the precise level of information necessary for probable cause to arrest is not required simply to shrug his shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape, and a brief stop of a suspicious individual in order to determine his identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more information, may be most reasonable in the light of the facts known to the officer at the time.' 6A C.J.S. Arrest , § 38 (1975)."”

   2 later decisions quote this exact passage
   e.g. 487 So. 2d 286 - Scurlock v. State · 550 So. 2d 1074 - White v. State

2. “The veracity of the `citizen-informant' is easily established, for `the police should be permitted to assume that they are dealing with a credible person in the absence of special circumstances suggesting that such might not be the case.'”

   2 later decisions quote this exact passage
   e.g. 461 So. 2d 922 - State v. Butler · 459 So. 2d 992 - McCants v. State

3. “" Terry [v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968)] authorized a limited protection search for concealed weapons (a frisk) '[w]hen an officer is justified in believing that the individual whose suspicious behavior he is investigating at close range is armed and presently dangerous to the officer or to others.' 392 U.S. at 24 , 88 S.Ct. at 1881 . 'So long as the officer is entitled to make a forcible stop, and has reason to believe that the suspect is armed and dangerous, he may conduct a weapons search limited in scope to this protective purpose.' Adams [v. Williams , 407 U.S. 143 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972)] . . . at 146, 92 S.Ct. at 1923 . Section 15-5-31 , Code of Alabama 1975, authorizes a search for weapons if the officer 'reasonably suspects that he is in danger of life or limb' when he has properly stopped a person for questioning."”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage
   e.g. 555 So. 2d 1145 - McDaniel v. State