Diaz v. Pan American World Airways, Inc.’s Empirical Analysis
442 F.2d 385 · 1971
Citation profile
130 federal appellate · 17 district · 26 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 249 later decisions (3 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2018 · most notably Dothard v. Rawlinson (1977), International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement v. Johnson Controls, Inc. (1991)
130 federal appellate · 17 district · 26 state decisions — followed in 14 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Griggs v. Duke Power Co. · Udall v. Tallman · Power Reactor Development Co. v. International Union of Electrical, Radio & MacHine Workers · Kennerly v. District Court of the Ninth Judicial District of Montana · Weeks v. Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 249 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter ... it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to hire and employ employees ... on the basis ... of sex ... in those certain instances where ... sex ... is a bona fide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise ...”
19 later decisions quote this exact passage“is valid only when the essence of the business operation would be undermined”
13 later decisions quote this exact passage“all or substantially all [members of one gender] would be unable to perform safely and efficiently the duties of the job involved,”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.