United States v. Ironworkers Local 86’s Empirical Analysis
443 F.2d 544 · 1971
Citation profile
154 federal appellate · 18 district · 15 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 253 later decisions (6 by the Supreme Court) — most recently August 2019 · most notably International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States (1977), Hazelwood School District v. United States (1977)
154 federal appellate · 18 district · 15 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Griggs v. Duke Power Co. · Swain v. State of Alabama · Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education · Norris v. State of Alabama · Hill v. State of Texas
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 253 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“'In many cases the only available avenue of proof is the use of racial statistics to uncover clandestine and covert discrimination * * *.'”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“"When the stated purposes of the Act and the broad affirmative relief authorization [sic] above are read in context with § 2000e-2(j), we believe that section cannot be construed as a ban on affirmative relief against continuation of effects of past discrimination resulting from present practices (neutral on their face) which have the practical effect of continuing past injustices. "Any other interpretation would allow complete nullification of the stated purposes of the Civil Rights Act of 1964."”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“(t)here can be little doubt that where a violation of Title VII is found, the court is vested with broad remedial power to remove the vestiges of past discrimination and eliminate present and assure the non-existence of future barriers to the full enjoyment of equal job opportunities by qualified black workers.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.