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Appellate Court Date: 2021.07.30
10:37:34 -05'00'
People v. Ingram, 2020 IL App (2d) 180353
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption KARLOS E. INGRAM, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. Second District
No. 2-18-0353
Filed June 10, 2020
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kane County, No. 17-CM-2124; the
Review Hon. Christine A. Downs and the Hon. Keith A. Johnson, Judges,
presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on James E. Chadd, Thomas A. Lilien, and Elena B. Penick, of State
Appeal Appellate Defender’s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.
Joseph H. McMahon, State’s Attorney, of St. Charles (Patrick Delfino,
Edward R. Psenicka, and Katrina M. Kuhn, of State’s Attorneys
Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the
court, with opinion.
Justices Hudson and Brennan concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Following a bench trial, defendant, Karlos E. Ingram, was convicted of battery (720 ILCS
5/12-3(a)(2) (West 2016)). He appeals, contending that he was denied his statutory right to a
speedy trial. Specifically, he argues that the trial court improperly charged him with time that
elapsed after defense counsel agreed to the next available trial date, which was within the
speedy-trial term. We affirm.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Defendant was arrested on July 31, 2017, and was released on bail that same day. On
August 1, 2017, his attorney, John Paul Ivec, mailed his appearance and a “speedy trial
demand,” which were file-stamped on August 3, 2017. On September 14, 2017, the case was
called for status and continued “by agreement” until October 19. On that date, the case was
continued until November 1 on the prosecution’s motion.
¶4 No court reporter was present on November 1, 2017. An order entered that day states,
“Motion for continuance by agreement.” The case was “continued for bench trial” to February
1, 2018.
¶5 The State later moved to advance and continue the trial date. At a hearing on January 25,
2018, at which no court reporter was present, the court granted the motion “over Defendant’s
objection.” The order further provides, “Defendant demands speedy trial and objects to all
continuances.” The court continued the case to May 3, 2018.
¶6 On February 1, 2018, the court changed the trial date to April 12, 2018. The court’s order
provides, “The State spoke to Attorney Ivec regarding a change in the trial date. Although
Attorney Ivec is aware of the new trial date, Defendant persists in his demand for speedy trial
and objects to all continuances.”
¶7 On April 2, 2018, defendant moved to dismiss the charge, alleging a violation of his
speedy-trial right. He noted that the initial trial date, February 1, was within the speedy-trial
term. He contended that, under People v. Zeleny, 396 Ill. App. 3d 917 (2009), his agreement
to a trial date within the speedy-trial term did not “delay” the trial and, thus, the time should
not be charged to him. He argued that, if that time were counted, the speedy-trial period had
expired. The State countered that the record reflected that the continuance was “by agreement”
and should be charged to the defense like any other continuance.
¶8 The trial court denied the motion. Relying on its recollection as well as the written orders
in the record, the court found that the continuance from November 1, 2017, to February 1,
2018, was by agreement and thus chargeable to defendant. The court specifically found that
the “continuance for trial was agreed to by defendant.” The court further stated:
“Unlike the other court dates, defendant did not object on November 1st to the
attribution of time to him when the case was continued.
This was not a situation where defendant was objecting to the continuance and
persisting in his demand for speedy trial but noting that he was available for trial on
February 1, 2018 and that he would acquiesce to that trial date.”
¶9 The court noted that cases such as People v. Wynn, 296 Ill. App. 3d 1020, 1027-28 (1998),
drew a subtle distinction between acquiescing to a trial date and expressly agreeing to a
continuance and that Zeleny had cited Wynn for that proposition. The court reiterated that this
case involved the latter situation.
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¶ 10 Defendant moved to reconsider. Defense counsel offered his own recollection of the
November 1, 2017, hearing, in which he attempted to secure a trial date in November or
December. The court denied the motion. The court stated that it did not recall that conversation
but, in any event, defendant agreed to the February 1 date and did not reassert his speedy-trial
demand when trial was set for that date.
¶ 11 Following a bench trial, the court found defendant guilty of battery and sentenced him to
18 months’ court supervision. Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, asserting, among other
things, that he did not receive a speedy trial. The court denied the motion, and defendant timely
appeals.
¶ 12 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 13 Defendant again contends that he was deprived of a speedy trial. Citing People v. Cordell,
223 Ill. 2d 380 (2006), Zeleny, and People v. LaFaire,
374 Ill. App. 3d 461 (2007), he contends
that his agreement to a trial date within the speedy-trial term was not a “delay” and thus could
not be charged to him.
¶ 14 In Illinois, a defendant has both a constitutional and a statutory right to a speedy trial. U.S.
Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8; 725 ILCS 5/103-5 (West 2016). The
statutory speedy-trial provisions are to be liberally construed in favor of a defendant because
they were enacted to avoid infringements of the defendant’s constitutional speedy-trial right.
People v. Kohler, 2012 IL App (2d) 100513, ¶ 23. However, that right “is not a sword to be
used to extricate oneself from criminal charges; it is a shield to protect the accused from unjust
and prejudicial delays occasioned by the State.” People v. Mosley, 2016 IL App (5th) 130223,
¶ 20; see also People v. Gooden,
189 Ill. 2d 209, 220-21 (2000) (the statute is not to be used
as a loophole to obstruct the ends of justice).
¶ 15 Section 103-5(b) provides, in pertinent part:
“(b) Every person on bail or recognizance shall be tried … within 160 days from
the date [the] defendant demands trial unless delay is occasioned by the defendant ….”
725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2016).
¶ 16 Generally, a defense counsel’s express agreement to a continuance may be considered an
affirmative act contributing to a delay attributable to the defendant. People v. Kliner, 185 Ill.
2d 81, 114 (1998). However, depending upon the precise circumstances, defense counsel’s
acquiescence to the next available trial date, if that date is within the speedy-trial period, is not
necessarily a “delay” chargeable to the defendant.
¶ 17 The parties discuss several cases that are key to our resolution of this issue. In Cordell, the
defendant’s attorney did not object to setting a trial date outside the 120-day limit of section
103-5(a). The trial court denied the defendant’s posttrial motion alleging that his attorney was
ineffective for failing to move for dismissal on speedy-trial grounds. The supreme court
affirmed, explaining that “delay” includes “[a]ny action by either party or the trial court that
moves the trial date outside of [the] 120-day window.” Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d at 390. The court
explained that a narrower construction would ignore the statute’s plain language and eliminate
trial courts’ flexibility to propose trial dates falling outside the statutory 120-day period. Id.
¶ 18 In LaFaire, the defendant participated in scheduling a mutually agreeable trial date falling
within the 160-day speedy-trial period. In affirming the trial court’s dismissal of the charges
on speedy-trial grounds after a State-requested continuance, the Third District distinguished
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that continuance request from agreeing to a trial date that fell outside the 160-day period.
LaFaire, 374 Ill. App. 3d at 464 (citing People v. Workman, 368 Ill. App. 3d 778 (2006)).
¶ 19 In Zeleny, we likewise held that the defendant’s agreement to a trial date within the 160-
day period was not a delay attributable to him. We noted that “mere acquiescence to a date
suggested by the trial court is not a delay attributable to the defendant.” Zeleny, 396 Ill. App.
3d at 921 (citing Wynn,
296 Ill. App. 3d at 1027). However, we affirmed the defendant’s
convictions. We noted that, after the State moved to continue the trial date, defense counsel
actively participated in setting a new trial date outside the speedy-trial period. When the court
asked counsel, “ ‘so you are not demanding?’ ” counsel replied that she was not. Id. at 922.
Thus, “[i]n light of her level of participation in deciding the trial date and her statement that
there was no objection, defense counsel did not merely acquiesce to a trial date suggested by
the court.” Id. at 923. Rather, “she expressly agreed to a continuance and to a date that delayed
trial beyond the 160-day term.” Id.
¶ 20 The State cites People v. Lilly, 2016 IL App (3d) 140286, and People v. Wade,
2013 IL
App (1st) 112547. In Lilly, authored by the justice who dissented in LaFaire, the court rejected
the defendant’s argument that his agreement to a trial date within the 120-day period was not
a “ ‘delay’ ” that could be attributed to him. Lilly, 2016 IL App (3d) 140286, ¶ 33. In Wade,
the defendant agreed to two continuances without reasserting his speedy-trial rights. Wade,
2013 IL App (1st) 112547, ¶¶ 25-26.
¶ 21 In our disposition in People v. Maxey,
2013 IL App (2d) 120283-U, 1 we continued to
follow our holding in Zeleny that acquiescing to a trial date within the speedy-trial period did
not constitute delay but also acknowledged the other part of the holding that agreeing to a
continuance does result in a delay chargeable to the defendant. After setting out the holdings
of Cordell, Zeleny, and LaFaire, as we have done above, we explained the following:
“The three cases, taken together, suggest a technical definition for delay that is of
an initial concern. Next, one must consider whether the parties are setting a mutually
agreeable trial date or simply agreeing to a continuance. If it is a convenient trial date
within the speedy-trial term, we will not attribute the time to the defendant; if it is
outside the term, the time becomes delay attributable to the defendant. Last, if it is a
continuance, if the defendant agrees to it, then it becomes attributable to the defendant;
if the defendant objects, the time is attributable to the State.” Id. ¶ 40.
¶ 22 We distinguished Wade, where the defendant actually agreed to the continuances without
objecting or reasserting his speedy-trial rights. In Maxey, the defendant consistently objected
to the attribution of any time to him and reiterated his speedy-trial demands on the record. Id.
¶ 52.
¶ 23 The State urges us to abandon Zeleny and adopt the position of the Lilly majority. This case
presents no reason to do so, however, as the trial court’s ruling is consistent with Zeleny. The
November 1, 2017, order setting the case for trial on February 1, 2018, states, “Motion for
continuance by agreement.” The trial court, based on its own recollection and the language of
1
This court may rely on the reasoning in a nonprecedential decision because nothing in the language
of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(e) prevents a court from doing so. In re Estate of LaPlume, 2014 IL
App (2d) 130945, ¶¶ 23-24; see also People ex rel. Webb v. Wortham,
2018 IL App (2d) 170445, ¶ 27
(Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(e)(1) (eff. Apr. 1, 2018) states that parties may not cite nonprecedential
orders except for limited purposes, but that rule does not bind courts).
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several orders, found that the defendant affirmatively agreed to the continuance and did not
merely acquiesce to a trial date within the speedy-trial term. We note that, by contrast, the
January 25, 2018, order reflects that defendant objected to the continuance and renewed his
speedy-trial demand.
¶ 24 Defendant argues that this is a distinction without a difference and that this case is identical
to Zeleny, which also involved a continuance by agreement. He contends in his reply brief that
the reference in the November 1, 2017, order to a “continuance by agreement” was essentially
surplusage, as there is no indication in the record that the continuance was for anything other
than trial.
¶ 25 Three principles work against defendant here. First, a defendant has the burden of showing
that his speedy-trial right was violated. Zeleny, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 921. Second, we review the
trial court’s “ultimate determinations” only for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 920. Finally, an
appellant bears the burden of presenting a sufficiently complete record to support his or her
contentions of error, and any doubts arising from the absence of a complete record will be
resolved against the appellant. Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 391-92 (1984). Here, the
trial court found that defendant agreed to the continuance generally and did not object to the
continuance and acquiesce in the setting of a mutually agreeable trial date. Zeleny and Maxey
recognize such a distinction. The court’s finding was based on its own recollection and its
interpretation of the various docket entries. Given the lack of a transcript of the November 1,
2017, hearing, an agreed statement of facts, or a bystander’s report, defendant cannot meet his
burden to show otherwise. Based on its findings, which we have no basis to disturb, the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion to dismiss on speedy-trial
grounds.
¶ 26 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 27 The judgment of the circuit court of Kane County is affirmed.
¶ 28 Affirmed.
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