Central Hudson Gas Electric Corporation v. Public Service Commission of New York’s Empirical Analysis
1980
Citation profile
1,354 federal appellate · 528 district · 1,000 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 4,815 later decisions (137 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2026 · most notably Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982), Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006)
1,354 federal appellate · 528 district · 1,000 state decisions — followed in 46 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Buckley v. Valeo · Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. · Broadrick v. Oklahoma · Roth v. United States
Cited together with Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc. · Board of Trustees of State Univ. of NY v. Fox · Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Assn. · Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp. · Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 4,815 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“At the outset, we must determine whether the expression is protected by the First Amendment. For commercial speech to come within that provision, it at least must concern lawful activity and not be misleading. Next, we ask whether the asserted governmental interest is substantial. If both inquiries yield positive answers, we must determine whether the regulation directly advances the governmental interest asserted, and whether it is not more extensive than is necessary to serve that interest.”
420 later decisions quote this exact passage“accords a lesser protection to commercial speech than to other constitutionally guaranteed expression,”
33 later decisions quote this exact passage“The [respondent] Commission also might consider a system of previewing advertising campaigns to insure that they will not defeat conservation policy.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.