United States v. Payner’s Empirical Analysis
1980
Citation profile
741 federal appellate · 120 district · 387 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 1,665 later decisions (34 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2025 · most notably United States v. Leon (1984), Thomas v. Arn (1986)
741 federal appellate · 120 district · 387 state decisions — followed in 40 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedUnited States v. Payner (from Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Relies on Mapp v. Ohio · Simmons v. United States · Rakas v. Illinois · Jackson v. Denno · Brown v. Illinois
Cited together with Rakas v. Illinois · United States v. Calandra · Alderman v. United States · United States v. Hasting · United States v. Leon
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 1,665 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Our cases have consistently recognized that unbending application of the exclusionary sanction to enforce ideals of governmental rectitude would impede unacceptably the truth-finding functions of judge and jury.”
14 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“' ..., the fact remains that '(t)he limitations of the Due Process Clause ... come into play only when the Government activity in question violates some protected right of the defendant '”
10 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“an unlawful search or seizure violated the defendant's own constitutional rights.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.