United States v. Perrin’s Empirical Analysis
45 F.3d 869 · 1995
Citation profile
58 federal appellate · 3 district · 11 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 114 later decisions — most recently September 2023 · most notably United States v. Leshuk (1995), United States v. Perkins (2004)
58 federal appellate · 3 district · 11 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedthe decision below (from North Carolina Eastern District Court)
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 922 (Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Illinois v. Gates · Schneckloth v. Bustamonte · United States v. Mendenhall · United States v. Cortez
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 114 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“A defendant who voluntarily consents to a search waives his Fourth Amendment rights, and the police officer may conduct the search without probable cause or a warrant.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage“(1) was under unlawful and present • threat of death or serious bodily injury; (2) did not recklessly place himself in a situation where he would be forced to engage in criminal conduct; (3) had no reasonable legal alternative (to both the criminal act and the avoidance of the. threatened harm); and (4) [that there was] a direct causal relationship between the criminal action and the avoidance of the threatened harm, ion and the avoidance of the threatened harm.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage“Were we to treat the dangerousness of the neighborhood as an independent corroborating factor, we would be, in effect, holding a suspect accountable for factors wholly outside of his control.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.