Rexroth v. Holloway

¶1Appellant Rexroth was a traveling salesman for appellant ITumiston, Keeling & Co. In the course of his employment he was required to go to Buchanan, Michigan, *37to call on customers of his employers. He hired a horse from appellee, saying that he desired to drive to Niles; that he was going there in the interest of his employers. Niles was about ten miles away, while Buchanan was about fourteen miles away. Instead of going to Niles, he went to Buchanan, overdrove the horse and overwatered him, and by reason thereof the horse died on the following day. Appellee sued appellants to recover damages for the loss of said horse.

¶21. The only question presented is whether, to fix the liability for the injury on the master (Humiston, Keeling & Co.), appellee was required to prove that the hiring of the horse was necessarily incident to the performance of his master’s business, or reasonably incident thereto. It seems to us that this is a quibble as to terms. Appellants have cited to us decisions where the term “necessarily incident, ’ ’ in this connection in similar cases, is used. American Tel., etc., Co. v. Green (1905), 164 Ind. 349; Davis v. Talbot (1894), 137 Ind. 235; Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Closser (1890), 126 Ind. 348, 9 L. R. A. 754, 22 Am. St. 593; Howe Machine Co. v. Ashley (1877), 60 Ala. 496. Appellee has cited decisions where the term “reasonably incident” is used. Pittsbtirgh, etc., R. Co. v. Kirk (1885), 102 Ind. 399, 52 Am. Rep. 675; Oakland City, etc., Society v. Bingham (1892), 4 Ind. App. 545; 1 Jaggard, Torts, p. 258.

¶3The word “necessary” has no fixed character peculiar to itself. It admits of all degrees of comparison. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), 4 Wheat. *316, 4 L. Ed. 579; Moale v. Cutting (1883), 59 Md. 510. It may sometimes mean “indispensably requisite,” at others “needful,” at others “incident” or “conducive to.” Chambers v. City of St. Louis (1860), 29 Mo. 543. It is sometimes used to express expediency or appropriateness. Getchell & Martin Lumber, etc., Co. v. DesMoines, etc., R. Co. (1901), 115 Iowa 734, 87 N. W. 670.

¶4It is sometimes used to express that which is reasonable for the purpose required (Mobile, etc., R. Co. v. Alabama, *38etc., R. Co. [1888], 87 Ala. 501, 6 South. 404; In re Rhode Island, ele., R. Co. [1901], 22 R. I. 457, 48 Atl. 590; Mayor, etc., v. Chesapeake, etc., Tel. Co. [1901], 92 Md. 692, 48 Atl. 465), or that which is reasonably convenient under the circumstances (Kelly v. People’s Transportation Co. [1870], 3 Ore. 189; St. Louis, etc., R. Co. v. Trustees, etc. [1867], 43 Ill. 303). It is sometimes given the meaning of that which is useful and suitable, or needful and conducive to, or expedient or convenient, for the purpose required. Board, etc., v. Isenberg (1900), 10 Okla. 378, 61 Pac. 1067; Commissioners, etc., v. Moesta (1892), 91 Mich. 149, 51 N. W. 903; Jerome v. Ross (1823), 7 Johns. Ch. *315, 11 Am. Dec. 484; Aurora, etc., R. Co. v. Harvey (1899), 178 Ill. 477, 53 N. E. 331. There are eases which hold, that the word “necessary” means “indispensabty requisite,” “inevitable” or “not to be avoided.” Lockwood v. Mildeberger (1899), 159 N. Y. 181, 53 N. E. 803; Town of Oldtown v. Dooley (1876), 81 Ill. 255; Hitch v. United States (1895), 66 Fed. 937; Stevenson v. State (1885), 17 Tex. App. 618; State, ex rel., v. Mayor, etc. (1894), 39 Neb. 745, 58 N. W. 442; English v. Reed (1895), 97 Ga. 477, 25 S. E. 325. But in the cases from different tribunals, giving these various definitions, there is little, if any, actual conflict, and from them it is made clear that the word “necessary” must be considered in the connection in which it is used; that it is a word susceptible of various meanings; that it may import absolute physical necessity or inevitability, or that which is only convenient, useful, appropriate, suitable, proper or conducive to the end sought. Mayor, etc., v. Chesapeake, etc., Tel. Co., supra; McCulloch v. Maryland, supra.

¶52. “Reasonable” is a term difficult of definition, and usually it must be considered with the facts of the particular controversy in determining its force and latitude. In re Nice & Schreiber (1903), 123 Fed. 987. It is sometimes used to express that which is appropriate and necessary (Levering v. Union, etc., Ins. Co. [1867], 42 Mo. *3988, 97 Am. Dec. 320) ; it includes good faith and the exercise of a sound discretion (Dearborn v. Balten [1888], 64 N. H. 568), and it imports what is ordinary or usual under the circumstances of the ease. Reed v. Missouri, etc., R. Co. (1902), 94 Mo. App. 371, 68 S. W. 364; Geno v. Fall Mountain Paper Co. (1895), 68 Vt. 568, 35 Atl. 475.

¶63. With these definitions of terms, we come to consider the established rules as to the liability of a master for the torts of the servant. The g’eneral rule is, “that which the superior has put the inferior in motion to do, must be regarded as done by the superior himself, … * and embraces all eases in which the failure of the servant to observe the rights of others in the conduct of the master’s business has been injurious. … The master is liable for the acts of his servant, not only when they are directed by him, but also when the scope of his employment or trust is such that he has been left at liberty to do, while pursuing or attempting to discharge it, the injurious act complained of. It is not merely for the wrongful acts he was directed to do, but the wrongful acts he was suffered to do, that the master must respond.” Cooley, Torts (2d ed.), pp. 625, 626.

¶7“ It is in general sufficient to make the master responsible that he gave to the servant an authority, or made it his duty to act in respect to the business in which he was engaged, when the wrong was committed, and that the act cobaplained of was done in the course of his employment. The master, in that case will be deemed to have consented to and authorized the act of the servant, and he will not be excused from liability, although the servant abused his authority, or was reckless in the performance of his duty, or inflicted an unnecessary injury in executing his master’s orders. The master who puts the servant in a place of trust or responsibility, or commits to him the management of his business, or the care of his property, is justly held responsible when the servant, through lack of judgment or discretion, or from infirmity of temper, or under the influence of *40passion aroused by the circumstances and the occasion, goes beyond the strict line of his duty or authority, and inflicts an unjustifiable injury upon another.” Cooley, Torts (2d ed.), pp. 630, 631, quoting from Rounds v. Delaware, etc., R. Co. (1876), 64 N. Y. 129. See, also, Mott v. Consumers Ice Co. (1878), 73 N. Y. 543; Ochsenbein v. Shapley (1881), 85 N. Y. 214.

¶8The wrong need not be an intentional one, and even if the servant, in committing the injury, neglected some word of caution or instruction of the master, the master will not be exempt. Oakland City,, etc., Society v. Bingham, supra.In such case, there may be no moral wrong attributable to the managing officers, “but the fact remains that in the management of their own business through agents an injury has been inflicted on others. That they trusted a servant who has ventured to disobey instructions is their misfortune, but it ought not also to be the misfortune of others who had no voice in his selection, and who had no concern in the question who should manage the company’s business beyond the common concern of all the public that it should not be managed to their injury.” Cooley, Torts (2d ed.), p. 633. “ ‘The powers of the agent are, prima facie, coextensive with the business entrusted to his care, and will not be narroived by limitations not communicated to the person -with whom he deals.’ ” American Tel., etc., Co. v. Green (1905), 164 Ind. 349.

¶9“If the principal holds out an agent or servant as possessing authority to control a shop or place of business, and a third person acts upon the faith of the appearance so created, the principal may, in such a case as this, be bound by the acts of the apparent agent within the scope of his ostensible authority, although as between the agent and his employer no such authority in fact existed.” Over v. Schiffling (1885), 102 Ind. 191.

¶10*414.*40“To undertake to lay down a general rule applicable to all eases would not only be difficult, but impossible. But *41we think this much may be said, where a servant is engaged in accomplishing an end which is within the scope of his employment, and while so engaged adopts means reasonably intended and directed to the end, which result in injury to another, the master is answerable for the consequences, regardless of the motives which induced the adoption of the means; and this, too, even though the means employed were outside of his authority, and against the express orders of the master.” Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Kirk (1885), 102 Ind. 399, 52 Am. Rep. 675. See, also, 2 Thompson, Negligence, p. 889, §6; "Wood, Master and Servant, pp. 593, 594.

¶11"Where a master employs one in a vocation, requiring him to act under certain conditions and commits to his discretion the duty of determining when and what action may be necessary, the employer will be responsible for the misjudgment, as well as the misconduct, of the servant, and if he acts when there is no occasion for it at all, though intending to accomplish some end of the employment, such responsibility will still exist. Oakland City, etc., Society v. Bingham, supra; Levi v. Brooks (1877), 121 Mass. 501; Johnson v. Barber (1849), 10 Ill. 425, 50 Am. Dec. 416.

¶12In case of doubt, the test may well be whether he was acting bona fide in furtherance of the master’s interest. Cooley, Torts (2d ed.), p. 628; Birmingham Water-Works Co. v. Hubbard (1887), 85 Ala. 179, 4 South. 607, 7 Am. St. 35.

¶135. Under these rules, it is clear that the words “necessary,” or “necessarily,” as used in the authorities cited by appellant, should not be interpreted in the strict sense of indispensable, unavoidable or requisite, but in the broader sense of appropriate, usual or convenient. To hold otherwise would place these decisions in direct conflict, in principle, with a long and unbroken line of authorities. Giving the words this interpretation, the difference in their meaning from “reasonable,” or “reasonably,” if *42any, is so slight as to be wholly immaterial and insubstantial.

¶14To hold that the master could he held liable for the tort of his servant only while engaged in an act necessarily incident to his employment, and give the word “necessarily” the strict definition of the term, would practically free the master from liability; since it is seldom that a servant commits a tort, while performing an act that is indispensable or unavoidable, in the performance of the principal act he is set to do.

¶15Here the principal act required of appellant Rexroth was to go to Buchanan. He could go by train, he could go by horse and buggy, or he could walk. No one was necessary in the sense of being indispensable, inevitable or unavoidable. Either’ of the first two surely would be necessary in the sense of being appropriate, usual or reasonable. We find no reversible error in the record.

¶16Judgment affirmed.