Middleton v. Hartman’s Empirical Analysis
2002
Citation profile
27 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 28 later decisions — most recently June 2025 · most notably Gill v. Public Employees Retirement Board of the Public Employees Retirement Ass'n of New Mexico (2004), US Fax Law Center, Inc. v. Henry Schein, Inc. (2009)
27 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 29 U.S.C. § 202 · 29 U.S.C. § 207 · 29 U.S.C. § 215 · 29 U.S.C. § 218 · 29 U.S.C. § 255 · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Ex Parte: Edward T Young · Edelman v. Jordan · Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman · Kentucky v. Graham · Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 28 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[T]he Supremacy Clause [of the United States Constitution] mandates that state law give way when it conflicts with federal law.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissente.g. Cordero v. Leahy · Cordero v. Leahy“An analysis of federal preemption issues begins with 'the basic assumption that Congress did not intend to displace state law'”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“Any person claiming to have suffered an injury by a public entity or by an employee thereof while in the course of such employment, whether or not by a willful and wanton act or omission, shall file a written notice as provided in this section within one hundred eighty days after the date of the discovery of the injury, regardless of whether the person then knew all of the elements of a claim or of a cause of action for such injury. Compliance with the provisions of this section shall be a jurisdictional prerequisite to any action brought under the provisions of this article, and failure of compliance shall forever bar any such action.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.