45 U.S.C. § 421
Section 421 · Repealed. Pub. L. 103272, 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
Applied in 141 court decisions — leading case CSX Transportation, Inc. v. Easterwood (1993)
Most recently applied in BNSF v. Asbestos Court (March 2020)
Cases citing this section usually also cite 45 U.S.C. § 431 · 49 U.S.C. § 20106 · 23 U.S.C. § 130
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
Section, Pub. L. 91–458, title I, § 101, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 971, stated congressional declaration of purpose for this chapter. See section 20101 of Title 49, Transportation.