Michigan v. Summers’s Empirical Analysis
1981
Citation profile
954 federal appellate · 257 district · 1,358 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 3,537 later decisions (68 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2026 · most notably Florida v. Royer (1983), Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
954 federal appellate · 257 district · 1,358 state decisions — followed in 47 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Carroll v. United States · Aguilar v. Texas · Brinegar v. United States · Payton v. New York
Cited together with Terry v. Ohio · Dunaway v. New York · Florida v. Royer · United States v. Place · United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 3,537 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[t]he risk of harm to both the police and the occupants is minimized if the officers routinely exercise unquestioned command of the situation.”
234 later decisions quote this exact passage“a warrant to search for contraband founded on probable cause implicitly carries with it the limited authority to detain the occupants of the premises while a proper search is conducted.”
39 later decisions quote this exact passage“Although special circumstances, or possibly a prolonged detention, might lead to a different conclusion in an unusual case, we are persuaded that this routine detention of residents of a house while it was being searched for contraband pursuant to a valid warrant is not such a case.”
12 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.