United States v. Stratton’s Empirical Analysis
453 F.2d 36 · 1972
Citation profile
35 federal appellate · 3 district · 19 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 61 later decisions — most recently November 2022 · most notably Commonwealth v. Yount (1974), United States v. O'Connell (1988)
35 federal appellate · 3 district · 19 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 3056 (Presidential Protection Assistance Act of 1976) · 18 U.S.C. § 472
Relies on Carroll v. United States · Beck v. State of Ohio · Whiteley v. Warden, Wyoming State Penitentiary · Massiah v. United States · Saia v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 61 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“We think the knowledge of one officer is the knowledge of all and that in the operation of an investigative or police agency the collective knowledge and the available objective facts are the criteria to be used in assessing probable cause. The arresting officer himself need not possess all of the available information.”
11 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[t]he test of probable cause is not the articulation of the policeman's subjective theory but the objective view of the facts.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.