United States v. Higgins’s Empirical Analysis
458 F.2d 461 · 1972
Citation profile
25 federal appellate · 1 district · 15 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 51 later decisions — most recently May 2006 · most notably Commonwealth v. Slaughter (1978), Commonwealth v. Fowler (1976)
25 federal appellate · 1 district · 15 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 2113
Relies on United States v. Wade · Simmons v. United States · Stovall v. Denno · Gilbert v. California · Johnson v. State of New Jersey
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 51 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“"(1) the manner in which the pretrial identification was conducted; (2) the witness' prior opportunity to observe the alleged criminal act; (3) the existence of any discrepancies between the defendant's actual description and any description given by the witness before the photographic identification; (4) any previous identification by the witness of some other person; (5) any previous identification of the defendant himself; (6) failure to identify the defendant on a prior occasion; and (7) the lapse of time between the alleged act and the out-of-court identification." Id. at 465 .”
13 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.