Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson Central School District Bd of Ed Westchester County v. Rowley’s Empirical Analysis
1982
Citation profile
1,465 federal appellate · 1,294 district · 282 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 5,913 later decisions (47 by the Supreme Court) — most recently June 2025 · most notably City of Cleburne Texas v. Cleburne Living Center (1985), Honig v. Doe (1988)
1,465 federal appellate · 1,294 district · 282 state decisions — followed in 34 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedRowley ex rel. Rowley v. Board of Education (from Second Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Applies 20 U.S.C. § 1401 · 20 U.S.C. § 1412 · 20 U.S.C. § 1415 · 20 U.S.C. § 3401 (Department of Education Organization Act) · 20 U.S.C. § 3441
Relies on San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez · Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman · Weinstein v. Bradford · Murphy v. Hunt
Cited together with School Committee of the Town of Burlington v. Department of Education · Honig v. Doe · Florence County School District Four v. Carter Ex Rel. Carter · Smith v. Robinson · Town of Burlington v. Department of Education
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 5,913 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits.”
616 later decisions quote this exact passage“has in effect a policy that assures all handicapped children the right to a free appropriate public education.”
90 later decisions quote this exact passage“removal of children with disabilities from the regular educational environment occurs only when the nature or severity of the disability of a child is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily.”
59 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.