Castro v. Beecher’s Empirical Analysis
459 F.2d 725 · 1972
Citation profile
120 federal appellate · 36 district · 13 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 230 later decisions (4 by the Supreme Court) — most recently February 2018 · most notably McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green (1973), Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody (1975)
120 federal appellate · 36 district · 13 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 703 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Griggs v. Duke Power Co. · McGowan v. State of Maryland Gallagher · Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education · Reetz v. Bozanich · Louisiana v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 230 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
““The public employer must, we think, in order to justify the use of a means of selection shown to have a racially disproportionate impact, demonstrate that the means is in fact substantially related to job performance. It may not, to state the matter another way, rely on any reasonable version of the facts, but must come forward with convincing facts establishing a fit between the qualification and the job.””
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“As to the class now before us, those black and Spanish-surnamed applicants who failed one or more of the examinations given during the period from 1968 to 1970, we feel that some form of compensatory relief is mandated. See, e.g., Carter v. Gallagher, supra, 452 F.2d at 328-331. We recognize that any such effort is bound to be a crude one and must be pursued with sensitivity and restraint. The district court has ordered that a nondiscriminatory and job predictive test be developed. In our view, if relief in the near future is to be more than token, further provision is necessary.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“1. A new exam be made available to all applicants. 2. Those Black and Spanish candidates who failed the 1968-70 exam and passed the new one and qualified otherwise, be placed in a priority pool. 3. A second pool be created containing those then on eligibility lists followed by those who pass the new exam. 4. Certification be made from the two pools according to some ratio —i. e., one from the priority pool for every one, two, or three from the second pool until the priority pool is exhausted.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.