GLIDDEN V. WHITTIER.
437
nounced by the second section of the act, and the first section declares that" every contract or combination * * * in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states * * * is declared illegal." The attempt-the contract to do the thing prohibited-is enough to incur the penalties of this law. I conclude that the defendants, by the organization of the Kashville Coal Exchange, and their operations under it, have been, and at the time of filing the petition in this cause were, guilty of a violation of sections 1 and 2 of the act of July 2, 1890, and should be enjoined from further violations of the law, as provided by the fourth section thereof. The petition will be dismissed as to such of the defendants as are not, or were not, members of the exchange at the time of the filing of the petition.
GLIDDEN
v.
WHITTIER
et
at. "
(Circuit Court, D. Idaho.
June 1,1891.)
1.
ATTACHMENT-MoTION TO DISSOLVE.
Motion to discharge, under statute of Idaho, may he for the irregularity of its issue. even after the attached property has been redelivered to the defendant upon his giving the counter-undertaking provided for by statute. . Affidavit is sufficient which alleges that plaintiff has no security by mortgage or lien upon real or personal property, although it omits the other clause, "or pledge of personal property."
2.
SAME-StIF}'ICIEXCY OF AFFIDAVIT.
(Syllabus by the Court.)
At Law. Motion to discharge attachment. John R. McBride and Albert Allen, for plaintiff. W. B. Heyburn, for detimdants. BEATTY, J. This action was commenced in the state court for the county of Shoshone on the 31st day of July, 1891, and on the same day the plaintiff caused certain ores, the property of the defendant, to be attached. Two days thereafter the defendants made their appearance "in the cause, and moved for the release and redelivery to them of the attached property, upon the execution of a proper undertaking, in pursuance of section 4320, Rev. St. Idaho, and thereafter, on the 4th day of August, upon the hearing of such motion, the undertaking having been given, the judge of such court ordered the redelivery to defendant of all such property. On the 9th day of Al1gust the defendant moved said state court "to discharge the writ of attachment, and exonerate the makers of the undertaking heretofore given, and to release from the operation of attachment the property attached," on account of the irregularity in the affidavit upon which the attachment was originally issued. This motion does not appear to have been determined in such state court, and is now here renewed.
438
FEDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 46.
The first question involved is whether the defendants, by tne execution of the bond for the release to them of the attached property, waived their right to move the discharge of the attachment. It will be found upon an examination of the limited decisions on this subject that they are contradictory, chiefly, perhaps, from a difierence in the statutes, upon which they are based. It is provided by section 4219. Id., "that, upon the execution of the undertaking mentioned in next section, an order may be made, releasing from the operation of the attachment aU the property attached," and for its delivery to the defendant. It is evidently the design of this statute that the attached property shall pass into the absolute possession and control of the defendant on his execution of the proper bond. The plaintiff's claim or lien upon the property by virtue of his attachment is absolutely annulled, and it is entirely released from all claim of the law, and, in lieu of his attachment lien, plaintiff must rely upon the undertaking given by defendant. This undertaking would seem to be a new and independent contract, into which the defendant and his sureties enter, regardless of plaintiff's desire in the premises, but for his security. Generally when so made any irregularities in plaintiff's attachment proceedings are known to the defendant, and certainly in this case those now complained of were fully known to defendants. It would seem clear upon principle that an undertaking entered into under such circumstances should be held a new and independent contract, and should operate as a waiver of all detects in, and objections to, the original attachment proceedings which the defendant could have made. So it would be held in this case if the statutes above referred to were not qualified by the next section, (4321,) which provides that "the defendant may also at any time. either before or after the release of the attached property apply on motion to the court that the writ of attachment be discharged, on the ground that the same was improperly or irregularly issued." This section, immediately following the two in which the mode of releasing property from attachment and redelivering it to the defendant is defined, must be construed with them, and it does clearly continue in the defendant the right to move the discharge of the writ of attachment for any irregularity in its issue, notwithstanding he may have before released his property by the execution of a proper undertaking. The defendants in this case have not waived their right to insist upon this motion for the discharge of the writ. Was it improperly or irregularly issued? The defendants allege it was, because plaintiff's affidavit, upon which it was issued, only alleges that the payment of the debt sued for "has not been secured by any mortgage or lien upon real or personal property," whereas section 4303 of the statutes requires the additional allegation, "or any pledge of personal property." Does the omission of this clause render the affidavit void, or can the affidavit be construed to have stated all required by the statute? It is evident that the design of the statute is to give the creditor the privilege of securing his debt by attachment only when he has not acquired !:lome security by mortgage or lien upon real or personal property I or by a pledge of personal property. The important fact t<>-
BERRY V. KNIGHTS TEMPLARS' & MASONS' LIFE INDEMNITY CO.
439
be shown by his affidavit is that he has not security for his claim. A pledge of property cannot exist without its possession being placed under the control of the pledgee, and such pledge and possession give to such pledgee a lien upon such property. A lien upon personal property may exist without controlling its possession, or without its being pledged, but a pledge cannot exist without creating a lien. If the plaintiff had stated in his affidavit only that he had no security by a pledge of personal property, it would not follow that he might not have security by a lien; but the declaration that he has no lien does negaUve all possibility of his having a pledge. It is therefore concluded the affidavit satisfies the requirements of the statute. It is also objected that the undertaking on attachment is informal, but on comparing it with the statutory requirements it seems to be in exact compliance therewith. It is frequently urged that attachment proceedings, being in derogation of the common law, must be strictly construed. Whatever reason may have ever existed for the application of different rules of construction to different laws, or what such rule would require, need not be investigated here. Section 4, Rev. St. Idaho, provides that such rules of construction shall have no application to such statutes, and that their provisions, and all proceedings under them. are to be "liberally construed, with a view to effect their objects and promote justice." The motion to discharge the attachment is overruled.
BERRY
et al. v.
KNIGHTS TEMPLARS'
&
MASONS' LIFE INDEMNITY
Co.
(CircuU Court, W. D. Mlssourl. May 9,1891.) 1. FOREIGN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANy-LEX LOCI CONTRACTUS-STIPULATION AGAINST SUlCIDE-VALIDITY.
A life insurance company chartered in the state of Illinois carried on its business in the state of Missouri through agents appointed for that purpose. The method of doing business was this: '1'he agent in Missouri would solicit and receive from citi7.ens of that state applications for insurance, which he would forward to the home office of the company at Chicago. When an application was appro, ed, a policy wa!' filled up, dated, aud signed by the officers of the company at Chicago, and transmitted by mail to the agent of the company in Missouri, who, upon the pavment to him by the applicant of the first premium, called in this case an "entrance fee, "delivered the policy to the assured. Upon these facts, held: (1) That the company was "doing business" in the state of Missouri within the meaning of those worda in aection 5\lll2 of the Revised Statutes of that atate; (2) that tbe policy waa a Missouri, and not an Illinois, contract, and that the validity and legal effect of its stipulations must be determined by the laws of Missouri; (3) that a stipulation in such a policy that "in case of the aelf-destruction of the holder of this policy, whether voluntary .01' involuntary, sane or insane, * * * thia policy ahall become null and void, "is void under section 59112 of the Revised Statutea of Miasouri, which declares auch a stipulation in a policy issued by "any company doing business in this state shall be void;" (4) that the statute is mandatory and abaolute, and cannot be waived or suspended by convention of the partiea, or by any device whatsoever. If a life insurance company of one state does business in another state without doing those things which ·the law of the state requlres to be done by a foreign insurance company to qualify it to do business therein, the company and ita officers
SAME-DonrG BUSINESS CONTRARY TO LAW-VALIDITY OF POLICY-EaTOPPEL.