¶1Haynes brought suit in St. Clair county against Thomas and Sarah E. Munn and James J. Boyce as-joint makers of a promissory note which Thomas and Sarah were alleged to have signed as partners under the name of Munn & Co. Service was made on Boyce and Sarah E. Munn on the 24th and 25th of July, 1879, and proof filed July 26th. On. the 26th of July service was made on Thomas Munn in Bay City. Subsequently, on the 10th of' January, 1880, the sheriff of St. Clair who served the declaration in his own county, was allowed to amend his return by dating it July 24, 1879, and stating he could not find Thomas Munn in his bailiwick. This amendment is however of no importance, as the other defendants were served *142before Thomas, and if this return was not filed before January, 1881, it is difficult to see how it is any better than the other, if the facts in it should have been of record before service on Thomas Munn. ,
¶2Sarah Munn defended and put in the general issue with an affidavit that she never executed the note and was not a member of the firm. The other defendants were defaulted. On the 9th of September, 1879, the default was made absolute, and an order entered for assessment by the clerk. On the 25th of October plaintiff by leave of court amended his declaration by striking out the name of Sarah E. Munn. The amendment was not made in fact, and the order is confined to this permission. On the same day the clerk assessed the damages, and the court gave judgment. Thomas Munn brings error.
¶3The errors relate to the service of process, and the discontinuance.
¶4We have no doubt service of declaration may be made by private persons. Such has been the practice here, and in New York. Graham’s Practice, 459. ¥e are' also of opinion that inasmuch as service was actually had on the other defendants before Thomas Munn was served, the service on him was valid, and it may be presumed the return was made when he was served, as it bears date then and the service in St. Clair was earlier.
¶5But we think that the discontinuance as against a party charged as a joint promisor could not properly be made so as to bind him by this judgment. It leaves the ease to stand on the allegation of an entirely different contract from that on which he was defaulted.
¶6A plaintiff cannot sue a person solely on a joint contract and proceed to judgment on it, without giving him a right to plead non-joinder in abatement if he chooses. This right of pleading in abatement is an absolute right, and is considered in law as a valuable one. Upon a joint judgment'in contract there are mutual rights as well as mutual obligations.
¶7Upon a declaration setting up a joint obligation there can be no recovery unless a joint debt is proved, and failure to *143prove a claim against one is as fatal as failure against all.' 1 Chi-tty’s Pleading, 35, 36. This doctrine has been uniformly recognized.
¶8In Candee v. Clark 2 Mich. 255, it was held there could be no discontinuance against one of two joint debtors. In Wetherwax v. Paine id. 555, it was held that garnishee proceedings against less than all joint debtors were absolutely void, and no bar to a subsequent suit against all. In Winslow v. Herrick 9 Mich. 380, it was held a joint and several demand could not be sued on as the joint obligation of less than all, and a discontinuance as to the parties not defaulted was held to invalidate a judgment against those defaulted. The same doctrine is illustrated in Mace v. Page 33 Mich. 38; Larkin v. Butterfield 29 Mich. 254; Wellover v. Soule 30 Mich. 481; Lee v. Bolles 20 Mich. 46; Ballou v. Mill 23 Mich. 60; Cruikshank v. Gardner 2 Hill 333.
¶9It is only where the contract was actually made by ah the parties, but one was either incompetent to make it as from infancy or other disability, or has been since discharged by something which is not a discharge of the rest — as bankruptcy, limitation, or the like — that such discontinuance is available and allowable. Hartness v. Thompson 5 Johns. 160; Reading v. Beardsley 41 Mich. 123; Anderson v. Robinson 38 Mich. 407; Taylor v. Dansby 42 Mich. 82.
¶10The default having been taken as a default on a charge of joint liability with Sarah Munn, was no admission of any other liability, and the discontinuance changed the issue without giving plaintiff in error a chance to be heard on the new form of the charge.
¶11The judgment was erroneous and must be reversed with costs as to Thomas Munn. Boyce has severed and does not complain here.
¶12Thomas Munn, Sarah E. Munn and James J. Boyce were made joint defendants and charged as joint promisors, and according to the common law no recovery was possible except on proof or admission of the same joint promise which was averred. The plaintiff could not shift *144his ground and say that Sarah E. Munn was not after all a joint promisor, and thereupon drop her by nol. pros, and proceed against the other two. 1 Chitty’s Pl. 50, 51, 52; Gould’s Pl., ch. 4, §§ 115, 116. And according to the same' doctrine the only effect of the suffering default by Munn and Boyce was their admission of the same promise the-plaintiff would have been bound to prove against them in case they had pleaded a general traverse to the declaration, and hence a promise by them jointly with Sarah E. Munn. Sheehy v. Mandeville 7 Cranch 208. Their admission of that cause of action was not convertible by election of the plaintiff into an admission of another unlike it on which found judgment. They were bound by what they admitted, but were not liable to be held on a distinct ground which had neither been set up nor admitted. Before/being made answerable for a new promise they were entitled to their day in court with opportunity to offer such defense as they chose. No court could have any right to assume that they had no defense and so arbitrarily deny them the chance to-say for themselves whether they had or not. It would be contrary to first principles and in derogation of “ due process of law.”.
¶13There had been neither adjudication nor proof that Sarah E. Munn was either not a joint promisor or that she was personally exempt from liability. They could not be legally denied opportunity to plead her non-joinder by the ex parte' act of the plaintiff. But the striking her out without any admission or decision that she was not jointly liable, and going to judgment against them on nothing else than their admission of having undertaken jointly with her as alleged, deprived them of that right. Moreover it involved the founding of judgment on a fallacious basis — the basis of' being a joint undertaking of the thr'ee defendants and no personal exemption of either, and the conclusion of law, a judgment against two and the acquittal of the third. Had the action been originally against the two alone they could have pleaded the non-joinder of the third, and their omission to plead it would have been a waiver entitling the plaintiff" *145to recover against them alone. But there has been no waiver. No chance to plead non-joinder has been given, and no one can be said to waive the exercise of an election who is denied opportunity.
¶14The rule permitting a discontinuance as to some of the defendants in certain cases (Bule 71) is based on subd. 8 of § 4912, Comp. L. p. 1502, and the statute measures the scope of its application where it says it may be allowed “when it can be done consistently with justice.” Yawkey v. Richardson 9 Mich. 529. The regulation appears to accord with one-in the English common-law procedure act, (2 Chitty Pl. 269,) and it is probably not unlike a provision in the practice act of Massachusetts. Bliss v. Bliss 12 Met. 266.
¶15In the early cases of Winslow v. Herrick 9 Mich. 380, and YawJcey v. Richa/rdson, supra, this court so construed the rule as to restrict its application and prevent it from being used except for the purpose of obviating mere technical objections, and the court in Massachusetts seems to have taken the same view. Bliss v. Bliss, supra. And according to the principle of these cases the practice below was wrong. The English courts appeal’ to have given a wider application to this statute; but still not wide enough to sustain this judgment. In Greaves v. Humphreys and another an attorney sued' two on an alleged joint retainer, and one suffered default. At the trial of the issue joined by the other the evidence proved a separate retainer, and the plaintiff moved to amend by striking out the defendant who had’ suffered default. The judge doubted the right, but concluded to allow it, and the court in banc (Q. B.) sustained the ruling and observed that the case stood as though the-defaulted party had never been in. 30 E. L. & E. 256.
¶16Here it was the defaulted defendant who was dropped, and the change was only made when it was regularly ascertained that there was no joint promise and that the defendant pleading and going to trial was individually liable.
¶17In Johnson v. Goslett (C. P.) the cause was for money had and received, against seven defendants. One of the number-named Johns allowed judgment to go by default. On the-*146trial with the others it became a question whether two of their number could be held at all, and the plaintiff proposed to strike out their names, but this was objected to on behalf of their associates, on the ground that the defendant Johns had suffered default. The questions were brought before the full court and it was decided that the amendment was admissible. The court thought the two defendants were liable with the rest, and therefore that the amendment was uncalled for; but as a court of error would not have power to allow it and the case was to be carried there, the amendment was made. 37 E. L. & E. 308.
¶18According to the report of this case the court seems to have thought that the default of Johns would not prevent a discontinuance as to some of the others who defended. But it would seem that the proof was full to show that Johns was jointly liable with all the others except the two, and there seems to have been no complaint on the part of Johns. The report does not show that any question was raised concerning his right or the effect of his default as an admission. In the case at bar the plaintiff no doubt had the right to amend by striking out the female defendant. But the proper practice was to serve the amended declaration on the defaulted defendants and give them opportunity to contest the right to proceed against them alone.
¶19I think the result stated by my brother Campbell is correct.