United States v. Steele’s Empirical Analysis
461 F.2d 1148 · 1972
Citation profile
91 federal appellate · 10 district · 36 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 171 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently December 2024 · most notably Wayte v. United States (1985), United States v. Berrios (1974)
91 federal appellate · 10 district · 36 state decisions — followed in 22 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 13 U.S.C. § 221 · 13 U.S.C. § 8 · 13 U.S.C. § 9
Relies on Bolling v. Sharpe · Yick Wo v. Hopkins · Oyler v. Boles · Snowden v. Hughes · Cannon v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 171 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“selection was deliberately based on an unjustifiable standard, such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“is applied and administered by public authority with an evil eye and an unequal hand, so as practically to make unjust and illegal discriminations between persons in similar circumstances.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“a strong inference of discriminatory prosecution.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.