Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company v. Eeoc’s Empirical Analysis
1983
Citation profile
229 federal appellate · 63 district · 82 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 656 later decisions (41 by the Supreme Court) — most recently June 2025 · most notably Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins (1989), Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc. (1983)
229 federal appellate · 63 district · 82 state decisions — followed in 17 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 701 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 703 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States · United States v. Turkette · Cannon v. University of Chicago · Reed v. Reed · Southeastern Community College v. Davis
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 656 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“all employment-related purposes, including receipt of benefits under fringe benefit programs.”
12 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“discrimination based on a woman's pregnancy is, on its face, discrimination because of her sex. And since the sex of the spouse is always the opposite of the sex of the employee, it follows inexorably that discrimination against female spouses in the provision of fringe benefits is also discrimination against male employees.”
9 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“[t]he terms `because of sex' or `on the basis of sex' include, but are not limited to, because of or on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth or related medical conditions.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.