California v. Beheler’s Empirical Analysis
1983
Citation profile
648 federal appellate · 276 district · 1,862 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 3,435 later decisions (39 by the Supreme Court) — most recently September 2025 · most notably Berkemer v. McCarty (1984), Oregon v. Elstad (1985)
648 federal appellate · 276 district · 1,862 state decisions — followed in 46 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Miranda v. State of Arizona Vignera · Rhode Island v. Innis · Oregon v. Mathiason · Beckwith v. United States
Cited together with Miranda v. State of Arizona Vignera · Oregon v. Mathiason · Berkemer v. McCarty · Stansbury v. California · Rhode Island v. Innis
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 3,435 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“the ultimate inquiry is simply whether there is a `formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement' of the degree associated with a formal arrest.”
173 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.”
35 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement”
25 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.