2022 IL App (4th) 210752
FILED
NO. 4-21-0752 December 9, 2022
Carla Bender
IN THE APPELLATE COURT 4th District Appellate
Court, IL
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Adams County
EURON MATTHEWS, ) No. 17CF74
Defendant-Appellant. )
) Honorable
) Amy C. Lannerd,
) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Steigmann and Bridges 1 concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 In the instant case, defendant, Euron Matthews, was convicted of being an armed
habitual criminal (AHC) and aggravated discharge of a firearm. The trial court imposed
consecutive sentences of 22 years’ imprisonment for AHC and 15 years’ imprisonment for
aggravated discharge of a firearm. On direct appeal, we affirmed the judgment of the trial court.
People v. Matthews, 2020 IL App (4th) 170782-U, ¶ 70. Thereafter, defendant filed a pro se
postconviction petition, which was summarily dismissed.
1
Justice George Bridges participated in this appeal but has since retired. Our supreme court has
held that the departure of a judge prior to the filing date will not affect the validity of a decision so
long as the remaining two judges concur. Proctor v. Upjohn Co.,
175 Ill. 2d 394, 396 (1997).
¶2 Defendant now appeals the summary dismissal of his postconviction petition,
arguing (1) his prior convictions for unlawful use of weapons (UUW) in Will County case Nos.
90-CF-1445 and 92-CF-3211 are void ab initio and should be vacated, (2) his two prior
convictions for unlawful use of a weapon by a felon (UUWF) in Will County case No. 94-CF-
2443 should be vacated because they were based on one of his void UUW convictions, (3) his
conviction for AHC in the instant case should be vacated because it is predicated on a void
UUWF conviction, (4) his sentence for aggravated discharge of a firearm should be vacated and
the matter remanded for resentencing because the trial court erroneously considered his void
UUW convictions in aggravation, and (5) the trial court erred in summarily dismissing his pro se
postconviction petition because he raised an arguable claim that his trial counsel was ineffective
for failing to investigate a witness and call her to testify. We affirm in part and vacate in part.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 In the instant case, defendant was charged with AHC (720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a)(1)
(West 2016)) in that he possessed a firearm after having been convicted of (1) UUWF in Will
County case No. 13-CF-1670, (2) unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to
deliver (a Class 1 felony) in Will County case No. 92-CF-3211, and (3) UUWF in Will County
case No. 94-CF-2443. Defendant was also charged with aggravated discharge of a firearm (id.
§ 24-1.2(a)(1)).
¶5 The matter proceeded to a jury trial. The State presented evidence that, on the
night of the incident, police officers were dispatched to the scene of a motor vehicle collision.
One of the vehicles involved had damage consistent with being struck by bullets. Police officers
obtained surveillance video footage of the scene, which showed an individual in the yard of a
nearby residence with a gun in his hand. The individual began shooting toward a vehicle driving
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past the residence, and the vehicle crashed into a parked car. Two law enforcement officers who
viewed the surveillance video identified defendant as the shooter. They were familiar with
defendant based on numerous prior contacts. A photograph of defendant posted on Facebook
approximately 13 days after the shooting, a photograph of defendant taken at the time of his
arrest, and still frames of the shooter from the surveillance video footage were admitted into
evidence and published to the jury.
¶6 The State offered certified copies of defendant’s convictions for (1) UUWF in
Will County case No. 13-CF-1670, (2) unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent
to deliver (a Class 1 felony) in Will County case No. 92-CF-3211, and (3) UUWF in Will
County case No. 94-CF-2443. Outside the presence of the jury, defense counsel objected to the
admission of the certified copy of defendant’s conviction for unlawful possession of a controlled
substance with intent to deliver in Will County case No. 92-CF-3211. Counsel stated defendant
had indicated he was convicted of possession of a controlled substance rather than possession
with intent to deliver in that case, but counsel did not have anything to “back it up” other than
what defendant had told him. The prosecutor stated that, even if defendant was correct about his
conviction in Will County case No. 92-CF-3211, the State was only required to prove two
predicate convictions for AHC and it had evidence of three. The State indicated that evidence of
the other two predicate convictions would satisfy the elements of AHC even without the
conviction for unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver. Over
defendant’s objection, the court admitted certified copies of all three convictions.
¶7 Defendant called Terance McKenzie and Ebony Lee as witnesses. McKenzie
testified he was driving the vehicle that was shot at during the incident. While he was driving, he
noticed Felicia French and some other individuals in the street. He saw flashes of gunfire and
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observed French with a gun in her hand. He did not see French shoot at his vehicle, but he
assumed she was the shooter. On cross-examination, after viewing portions of the surveillance
footage, McKenzie stated it was not French who shot at his vehicle.
¶8 Lee testified that she lived in the neighborhood where the incident occurred. She
heard a gunshot on the night of the incident, looked out her bedroom window, and observed
French shooting at a car as it drove past. After viewing the surveillance footage, Lee agreed it
depicted a person who was not French shooting a gun at a car. However, she maintained she had
seen French shoot at the car on the night of the incident.
¶9 The jury found defendant guilty of AHC and aggravated discharge of a firearm.
¶ 10 Defendant, pro se, filed a posttrial motion arguing, inter alia, that the State did
not prove him guilty of AHC because he was never convicted of unlawful possession of a
controlled substance with intent to deliver in Will County case No. 92-CF-9211. Defendant
attached a docket sheet from Will County case No. 92-CF-9211, which indicated he had
originally been charged with possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver. The
docket sheet showed the State later requested that this charge be amended to unlawful possession
of a controlled substance, a Class 4 felony, and defendant pled guilty to unlawful possession of a
controlled substance.
¶ 11 The trial court denied defendant’s posttrial motion, finding that, even if defendant
was correct in stating that he was not convicted of unlawful possession of a controlled substance
with intent to deliver in Will County case No. 92-CF-9211, his two prior convictions for UUWF
supported his conviction for AHC.
¶ 12 The trial court imposed consecutive sentences of 22 years’ imprisonment for
AHC and 15 years’ imprisonment for aggravated discharge of a firearm. In announcing its
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sentence, the court noted defendant had an extensive criminal history and specifically noted
defendant had two prior convictions for UUW.
¶ 13 On direct appeal, we affirmed the judgment of the trial court. Matthews, 2020 IL
App (4th) 170782-U, ¶ 70. Defendant argued, inter alia, that the State failed to prove him guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt of AHC because he was never convicted of unlawful possession of a
controlled substance with intent to deliver and the State’s evidence indicating otherwise was
incorrect.
Id. ¶ 36. We held that any error in admitting defendant’s conviction for unlawful
possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver was harmless because the State
presented evidence of two other qualifying predicate felony convictions for AHC, which were
sufficient to satisfy the elements of the offense of AHC even without the challenged drug
conviction.
Id. ¶¶ 40-41.
¶ 14 On May 26, 2021, defendant filed a motion for an extension of time to file his
postconviction petition. Defendant alleged he had contracted COVID-19, his prison was on
partial lockdown to slow the spread of COVID-19, and it sometimes took “a while” to get to the
law library due to the lockdown. Defendant stated: “At the pace that it is going, I will not be able
to finish a brief for my post-conviction the way it need[s] to be done.” Defendant also alleged he
was trying to obtain legal counsel. Defendant attached to his motion a copy of test results
indicating he had tested positive for COVID-19 in December 2020.
¶ 15 On June 4, 2021, the trial court entered an order indicating it was taking no action
on defendant’s motion for an extension of time at that time but would further consider the matter
if defendant filed a postconviction petition.
¶ 16 On September 2, 2021, defendant, pro se, filed a postconviction petition alleging
two claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, including a claim that trial counsel was
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ineffective for failing to investigate French or call her as a witness. The petition alleged that
French told defendant she had told police officers he could not have shot the victim because he
was not at the scene of the shooting. French told defendant she would testify regarding these
statements at his trial. Defendant told his counsel French was willing to testify about this, and he
gave counsel her address and other locations where she could be found. Counsel advised
defendant that he left his card at French’s residence but that she never called him back. After
defendant’s trial, French told him she had not been contacted by counsel and that no one had left
a card at her residence. Defendant alleged French’s testimony would have changed the outcome
of the trial because she would have been a key witness and her testimony had the potential to
establish his innocence.
¶ 17 The petition stated defendant was “currently in the process of retrieving” French’s
affidavit and intended to produce it before the petition was decided on its merits. Defendant also
submitted an affidavit stating he was unable to obtain French’s affidavit before he filed his
petition but that he was “in the process of obtaining [it]” and he intended to submit it before
second-stage proceedings.
¶ 18 In the postconviction petition, defendant asserted he believed the petition was
timely filed. Defendant contended that, in the event the trial court found the petition to be
untimely, the court should find it was not due to defendant’s culpable negligence because he had
contracted COVID-19. Defendant cited his motion for an extension of time and his COVID-19
test results from December 2020 in support of this claim, which he attached to the petition as
exhibits.
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¶ 19 The trial court summarily dismissed defendant’s postconviction petition, finding
that “the Defendant raised the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel on his direct appeal” and
was “now barred from advancing such a claim at this stage.” This appeal followed.
¶ 20 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 21 On appeal, defendant argues (1) his prior convictions for UUW in Will County
case Nos. 90-CF-1445 and 92-CF-3211 are void ab initio and should be vacated, (2) his two
prior convictions for UUWF in Will County case No. 94-CF-2443 should be vacated because
they were based on one of his void UUW convictions, (3) his conviction for AHC in the instant
case should be vacated because it is predicated on his void UUWF conviction in Will County
case No. 94-CF-2443, (4) his sentence for aggravated discharge of a firearm should be vacated
and the matter should be remanded for resentencing because the trial court erroneously
considered his void UUW convictions in aggravation, and (5) the trial court erred in summarily
dismissing his pro se postconviction petition because he raised an arguable claim that his trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate French as a potential witness and failing to call
her to testify.
¶ 22 A. Prior Convictions for UUW
¶ 23 We first consider defendant’s argument that his two convictions for UUW in Will
County case Nos. 90-CF-1445 and 92-CF-3211 are void ab initio because they were based on
statutes that were facially unconstitutional.
¶ 24 Initially, we note defendant did not raise this issue in his pro se postconviction
petition. Generally, where a defendant fails to raise an issue in a postconviction petition, the
defendant may not raise the issue for the first time on review from a dismissal of the petition.
People v. Jones, 211 Ill. 2d 140, 148 (2004). However, “under Illinois law, there is no fixed
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procedural mechanism or forum, nor is there any temporal limitation governing when a void
ab initio challenge may be asserted.” In re N.G., 2018 IL 121939, ¶ 57. Voidness challenges are
not subject to forfeiture or any other procedural bar, and such challenges may be raised “at any
time in any court.”
Id. “[I]t is sufficient if a person subject to a conviction premised on a facially
invalid statute raises his or her challenge through an appropriate pleading in a court possessing
jurisdiction over the parties and the case.”
Id. Accordingly, we may address defendant’s voidness
claims concerning his UUW convictions in this appeal.
¶ 25 In Moore v. Madigan,
702 F.3d 933, 934, 942 (7th Cir. 2012), the United States
Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held that portions of the Illinois statutes for UUW and
aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (AUUW)—namely, sections 24-1(a)(4) and (a)(10) of the
Criminal Code of 1961 (Code) (720 ILCS 5/24-1(a)(4), (10) (West 2010)) and section 24-1.6(a)
of the Code (id. § 24-1.6(a))—violated the second amendment to the United States Constitution.
The Moore court found these statutes constituted a “flat ban on carrying ready-to-use guns
outside the home.” Moore,
702 F.3d at 940. The Moore court noted the United States Supreme
Court had held that the second amendment included the right to bear arms for self-defense, and
the Moore court found this right was “as important outside the home as inside.”
Id. at 942.
¶ 26 Subsequently, in People v. Aguilar,
2013 IL 112116, ¶ 20, the Illinois Supreme
Court agreed with the analysis in Moore and its holding that the second amendment right to keep
and bear arms extended beyond the home. Accordingly, the Aguilar court held that the Class 4
form of AUUW as set forth in section 24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A), (d) of the Code (720 ILCS 5/24-
1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A), (d) (West 2008)) was facially unconstitutional because it constituted a
comprehensive ban on possessing and using firearms for self-defense outside of the home.
Aguilar,
2013 IL 112116, ¶¶ 21-22.
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¶ 27 Later, in People v. Gamez, 2017 IL App (1st) 151630, ¶ 11, the First District
appellate court held that the 1996 UUW statute under which the defendant was convicted (720
ILCS 5/24-1(a)(4) (West 1996)) was facially unconstitutional because it contained the same
essential elements as the 2010 UUW statute and the 2008 AUUW statute held to be
unconstitutional in Moore and Aguilar. The 1996 UUW statute at issue in Gamez provided:
“(a) A person commits the offense of unlawful use of weapons when he
knowingly:
…
(4) Carries or possesses in any vehicle or concealed on or about his
person except when on his land or in his own abode or fixed place of
business any pistol, revolver, stun gun or taser or other firearm[.]” Id.
The Gamez court found this statute constituted an even broader ban than the statutes that had
previously been found to be unconstitutional in Moore and Aguilar. Gamez, 2017 IL App (1st)
151630, ¶ 11.
¶ 28 1. UUW Conviction in Will County Case No. 90-CF-1445
¶ 29 Defendant argues his conviction for UUW in Will County case No. 90-CF-1445 is
void ab initio because the UUW statute under which he was convicted was facially
unconstitutional pursuant to the holding in Gamez. The State concedes this conviction is based
on a facially unconstitutional statute and must be vacated.
¶ 30 We have allowed defendant’s motion to take judicial notice of the following
documents filed in Will County case No. 90-CF-1445: (1) the criminal complaint filed on April
19, 1990, (2) the information filed on May 14, 1990, and (3) a certified statement of conviction.
The charging documents show defendant was charged with UUW (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38,
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¶ 24-1) in that he knowingly carried, concealed in a motor vehicle, a gun, at a time when he was
not on his own land or in his own abode or fixed place of business. The certified statement of
conviction reflects defendant pled guilty to UUW in that case and was sentenced to 12 months’
probation.
¶ 31 The version of the UUW statute under which defendant was convicted in Will
County case No. 90-CF-1445 provided, in relevant part:
“(a) A person commits the offense of unlawful use of weapons when he
knowingly:
…
(4) Carries or possesses in any vehicle or concealed on or about his
person except when on his land or in his own abode or fixed place of
business any pistol, revolver, stun gun or taser or other firearm[.]” Ill. Rev.
Stat. 1989, ch. 38, ¶ 24-1(a)(4).
¶ 32 After reviewing the above-mentioned documentation in Will County case No. 90-
CF-1445, we accept the State’s concession that defendant’s UUW conviction in that case is void
ab initio. The section of the UUW statute under which defendant was convicted (id.) contained
identical language to the version that was held to be facially unconstitutional in Gamez, 2017 IL
App (1st) 151630, ¶ 11.
¶ 33 2. UUW Conviction in Will County Case No. 92-CF-3211
¶ 34 Next, defendant argues his conviction for UUW in Will County case No. 92-CF-
3211 is void ab initio because the statute under which he was convicted is facially
unconstitutional based on the holding in Gamez. The State again concedes this conviction is
based on a facially unconstitutional statute and must be vacated.
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¶ 35 We have allowed defendant’s motion to take judicial notice of the following
documents filed in Will County case No. 92-CF-3211: (1) the information filed on September 23,
1992, and (2) the mittimus dated January 19, 1993. The information indicates defendant was
charged with (1) unlawful possession of a controlled substance (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 56½,
¶ 1402(c)) (a Class 4 felony), (2) UUW (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, ¶ 24-1(a)(4)), and
(3) possession of a firearm without a Firearm Owner’s Identification card (id. ¶ 83-2). Regarding
the offense of UUW, the information alleged defendant, after having previously been convicted
of UUW in Will County case No. 90-CF-1445, knowingly carried on his person a gun, at a time
when he was not on his land or in his own abode or fixed place of business. The mittimus reflects
defendant pled guilty to unlawful possession of a controlled substance and UUW and was
sentenced to concurrent terms of two years’ imprisonment on each offense.
¶ 36 The version of the UUW statute under which defendant was convicted in Will
County case No. 92-CF-3211 provided, in relevant part:
“(a) A person commits the offense of unlawful use of weapons when he
knowingly:
…
(4) Carries or possesses in any vehicle or concealed on or about his
person except when on his land or in his own abode or fixed place of
business any pistol, revolver, stun gun or taser or other firearm[.]” Ill. Rev.
Stat. 1991, ch. 38, ¶ 24-1(a)(4)).
¶ 37 After reviewing the documentation submitted by defendant, we accept the State’s
concession that the UUW conviction in Will County case No. 92-CF-3211 is void ab initio. The
section of the UUW statute under which defendant was convicted (id.) contained identical
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language to the version that was held to be facially unconstitutional in Gamez, 2017 IL App (1st)
151630, ¶ 11.
¶ 38 B. UUWF Convictions in Will County Case No. 94-CF-2443
¶ 39 Defendant next argues his convictions for UUWF in Will County case No. 94-CF-
2443 are void because they were predicated on his void conviction for UUW in Will County case
No. 92-CF-3211. The State agrees that defendant’s prior UUWF convictions must be vacated.
¶ 40 We have allowed defendant’s motion to take judicial notice of the following
documents filed in Will County case No. 94-CF-2443: (1) the information, (2) the mittimus, and
(3) a portion of the jury trial transcript. The information indicates defendant was charged with
two counts of UUWF (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 1994)) in that he, after having been
previously convicted of UUW in Will County case No. 92-CF-3211, knowingly possessed a
handgun and firearm ammunition, respectively. The information originally alleged defendant had
also been previously convicted of the felony offense of unlawful possession of a controlled
substance in Will County case No. 92-CF-3211, but the portion of the information concerning
that conviction was lined out. The transcript showed defendant objected prior to the
commencement of the trial to the State presenting evidence he had been convicted of multiple
prior felonies, and the State elected to proceed with only the UUW conviction as the predicate
felony for the UUWF charges. The mittimus reflects defendant was found guilty of both counts
of UUWF, and the court imposed concurrent sentences of four years’ imprisonment on each
count.
¶ 41 Defendant did not challenge the validity of his UUWF convictions in Will County
Case No. 94-CF-2443 in his pro se postconviction petition, which would normally preclude us
from reaching the issue in this appeal. See Jones,
211 Ill. 2d at 148. However, as noted, we may
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reach the issue because defendant argues his UUWF convictions are void, and a voidness
challenge may be raised at any time in any court. See N.G., 2018 IL 121939, ¶ 57.
¶ 42 Our supreme court has held that “a judgment based on a statute that is facially
unconstitutional is void.” Id. ¶ 43. Convictions resulting from facially unconstitutional statutes
“can give rise to no criminal status nor create any legal impediment, for the state had no
authority, and the courts never acquired jurisdiction, to impose punishment under such laws to
begin with.” Id. ¶ 73. “[A] facially unconstitutional statute and any conviction based on the
statute must be treated as if they never existed.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. ¶ 74. Accordingly,
using such a conviction against a defendant in any subsequent proceeding would be conceptually
impossible and “would subvert the very constitutional protections that resulted in the statute
being found facially invalid to begin with and is incompatible with the United States Supreme
Court’s command that when … the conduct penalized by a statute is constitutionally immune
from punishment, that determination must be given complete retroactive effect.” Id.
¶ 43 We find defendant’s convictions for UUWF in Will County case No. 94-CF-2443
are void and must be vacated. These convictions were predicated on defendant’s prior conviction
for UUW in Will County case No. 92-CF-3211, which we have held is void ab initio. Supra
¶ 37. Because defendant’s UUW conviction was void ab initio, it could “give rise to no criminal
status nor create any legal impediment” (N.G.,
2018 IL 121939, ¶ 73) in subsequent proceedings.
While the UUWF statute itself was not invalid, defendant’s convictions for UUWF in Will
County case No. 94-CF-2443 derived from a facially unconstitutional statute—and were
consequently void—because they were predicated on his void ab initio conviction for UUW in
Will County case No. 92-CF-3211. See id. ¶ 43; People v. Cross,
2019 IL App (1st) 162108,
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¶ 187 (holding that, based on the holding in N.G., the defendant’s prior conviction for UUWF
must be vacated because it was based on his void ab initio AUUW conviction).
¶ 44 C. AHC Conviction
¶ 45 Defendant argues that his conviction for AHC in the instant case is void and
should be vacated because it was premised on one of his void convictions for UUWF in Will
County case No. 94-CF-2443. Defendant contends that, without this void UUWF conviction, he
did not have the requisite predicate convictions to qualify as an armed habitual criminal because
one of the two other predicate convictions alleged by the State—namely, a drug conviction from
Will County case No. 92-CF-3211—was not a qualifying predicate conviction.
¶ 46 Again, defendant did not raise this claim in his pro se postconviction petition,
which would normally preclude us from addressing this issue. See Jones, 211 Ill. 2d at 148.
However, we may reach this issue because defendant argues his AHC conviction is void, and a
voidness challenge may be raised at any time in any court. See N.G.,
2018 IL 121939, ¶ 57.
¶ 47 The AHC statute under which defendant was convicted provided:
“(a) A person commits the offense of being an armed habitual criminal if
he or she receives, sells, possesses, or transfers any firearm after having been
convicted a total of 2 or more times of any combination of the following offenses:
(1) a forcible felony as defined in Section 2-8 of this Code;
(2) unlawful use of a weapon by a felon; aggravated unlawful use of
a weapon; aggravated discharge of a firearm; vehicular hijacking;
aggravated vehicular hijacking; aggravated battery of a child …;
intimidation; aggravated intimidation; gunrunning; home invasion; or
aggravated battery with a firearm …; or
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(3) any violation of the Illinois Controlled Substances Act or the
Cannabis Control Act that is punishable as a Class 3 felony or higher.”
720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2016).
¶ 48 In charging defendant with AHC in the instant case, the State alleged defendant
committed the following predicate offenses: (1) UUWF in Will County case No. 13-CF-1670,
(2) unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver in Will County case No.
92-CF-3211 (a Class 1 felony), and (3) UUWF in Will County case No. 94-CF-2443. We have
taken judicial notice of documents from Will County case No. 92-CF-3211, which show
defendant was not convicted of unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to
deliver in that case but rather was convicted of unlawful possession of a controlled substance, a
Class 4 felony. Defendant has also supplemented the record with a transcript of the guilty plea
hearing from Will County case No. 92-CF-3211, which establishes he pled guilty to unlawful
possession of a controlled substance, a Class 4 felony, rather than unlawful possession of a
controlled substance with intent to deliver. Because defendant’s conviction for unlawful
possession of a controlled substance in Will County case No. 92-CF-3211 was not punishable as
a Class 3 felony or higher, it was not a qualifying predicate conviction for AHC pursuant to
section 24-1.7(a)(3) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (id. § 24-1.7(a)(3)).
¶ 49 Because defendant did not actually have a prior conviction for unlawful
possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver in Will County case No. 92-CF-3211,
his conviction for AHC in the instant case could only have been predicated upon his convictions
for UUWF in Will County case Nos. 13-CF-1670 and 94-CF-2443. However, as we previously
discussed, defendant’s convictions for UUWF in Will County case No. 94-CF-2443 derived from
his void UUW conviction, and accordingly, they are void. Supra ¶ 43. Similarly, defendant’s
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AHC conviction is void because it derived from his void conviction for UUWF in Will County
case No. 94-CF-2443. Although the AHC statute itself is not invalid, defendant’s AHC
conviction derived from a facially unconstitutional statute because it was predicated on one of
his void convictions for UUWF in Will County case No. 94-CF-2443, which were predicated on
defendant’s void ab initio conviction for UUW in Will County case No. 92-CF-3211.
¶ 50 In reaching our holding, we reject the State’s argument that defendant’s challenge
to his AHC conviction is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, which may not be raised
in postconviction proceedings. Specifically, the State argues that, because it produced evidence
at trial of three qualifying predicate offenses for AHC when it was only necessary to prove two,
the invalidity of the UUWF conviction in Will County case No. 94-CF-2443 cannot affect the
validity of the AHC conviction. The State argues that defendant’s claim his drug conviction in
Will County case No. 92-CF-3211 was not a proper predicate conviction is not properly before
this court because it was not raised in defendant’s postconviction petition and was previously
considered on direct appeal.
¶ 51 We find defendant’s claim concerning his AHC conviction is not a challenge to
the sufficiency of the evidence but rather a claim that his AHC conviction is void because it
derived from a void conviction for UUWF. Defendant’s argument that his drug conviction in
Will County case No. 92-CF-3211 was not a proper predicate offense for AHC is integral to his
argument that his AHC conviction must be vacated because it was premised on his void UUWF
conviction in Will County case No. 94-CF-2443. Defendant did not raise an argument on direct
appeal that his AHC conviction was premised on a void conviction, and as we have noted, a
voidness challenge may be raised at any time in any court. See N.G., 2018 IL 121939, ¶ 57.
¶ 52 D. Sentence for Aggravated Discharge of a Firearm
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¶ 53 Defendant contends his sentence for aggravated discharge of a firearm in the
instant case is void because the trial court erroneously considered his void UUW convictions in
Will County case Nos. 90-CF-1445 and 92-CF-3211 in aggravation at sentencing. Defendant
argues his sentence must be vacated and the matter remanded for resentencing.
¶ 54 Defendant did not raise this claim in his pro se postconviction petition. Generally,
a defendant may not raise an issue for the first time on appeal from the dismissal of a
postconviction petition. Jones, 211 Ill. 2d at 148. Our supreme court has held that we are “not
free … to excuse, in the context of postconviction proceedings, an appellate waiver caused by
the failure of a defendant to include issues in his or her postconviction petition.” People v. Jones,
213 Ill. 2d 498, 508 (2004). An exception to this rule exists when a defendant asserts a voidness
challenge, which may be raised at any time in any court and is not subject to forfeiture. See N.G.,
2018 IL 121939, ¶ 57. A judgment will be deemed void only where (1) the court entering the
judgment lacked personal or subject-matter jurisdiction or (2) the judgment was based on a
facially unconstitutional statute. People v. Price,
2016 IL 118613, ¶ 31.
¶ 55 In the instant case, defendant’s conviction for aggravated discharge of a firearm
was not void. Defendant does not argue that the trial court lacked personal or subject-matter
jurisdiction in sentencing him. Moreover, defendant’s conviction for aggravated discharge of a
firearm was not based on a facially unconstitutional statute. Defendant does not argue that the
aggravated discharge of a firearm statute under which he was convicted was void, and his
conviction for aggravated discharge of a firearm was not predicated on a void ab initio
conviction.
¶ 56 While “a void prior conviction is incompetent evidence at sentencing” (People v.
Bridges,
2020 IL App (1st) 170129, ¶ 38), the erroneous consideration of such evidence does not
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render a sentence void. In fact, such a sentence may be affirmed in some circumstances—
namely, if the record reflects that the sentencing court’s reliance on the void conviction was so
insignificant that it did not result in a greater sentence. See id. ¶¶ 38-39 (affirming the
defendant’s sentence for armed robbery where the record clearly established that the defendant’s
void AUUW conviction did not affect the trial court’s sentencing decision); People v. Alexander,
2019 IL App (3d) 170168, ¶ 40 (remanding for resentencing where it was not clear to what
extent the trial court considered the defendant’s void AUUW conviction during sentencing).
¶ 57 We reject defendant’s assertion that Alexander,
2019 IL App (3d) 170168, and
Cross,
2019 IL App (1st) 162108, support a finding that his sentence is void. While Alexander
and Cross support the proposition that consideration of a void conviction during sentencing is
erroneous, neither case held that such an error renders the sentence void. See Alexander,
2019 IL
App (3d) 170168, ¶ 29; Cross,
2019 IL App (1st) 162108, ¶¶ 189-202. Significantly, both cases
involved sentencing challenges raised on direct appeal rather than for the first time on appeal
from the dismissal of a postconviction petition. See Alexander,
2019 IL App (3d) 170168, ¶ 1;
Cross,
2019 IL App (1st) 162108, ¶¶ 1-3.
¶ 58 Defendant also cites People v. Hollins,
2021 IL App (4th) 190145-U, as
persuasive authority in support of his argument that the trial court’s consideration of his void
ab initio convictions for UUW rendered his sentence for aggravated discharge of a firearm void.
In Hollins, the court held that, because the defendant’s prior conviction for AUUW was void, the
defendant’s Class X sentence was not statutorily authorized and was consequently void.
Id. ¶ 53.
However, in so holding, the Hollins court relied on the void sentence rule, which was abolished
in People v. Castleberry,
2015 IL 116916, ¶ 19. Moreover, in Hollins, the defendant challenged
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his sentence on direct appeal rather than for the first time on appeal from the dismissal of a
postconviction petition. Hollins, 2021 IL App (4th) 190145-U, ¶¶ 29-30.
¶ 59 We conclude that, because defendant’s conviction for aggravated discharge of a
firearm is not void, defendant is precluded from raising his sentencing challenge for the first time
on appeal from the summary dismissal of his postconviction petition. See Jones,
213 Ill. 2d at
508.
¶ 60 E. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
¶ 61 Finally, defendant argues the matter should be remanded for second stage
postconviction proceedings because he raised an arguable claim in his pro se postconviction
petition that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate French as a witness and for
failing to call her to testify. The summary dismissal of a postconviction petition at the first stage
of proceedings is reviewed de novo. People v. Boykins,
2017 IL 121365, ¶ 9.
¶ 62 At the first stage of postconviction proceedings, the circuit court must
independently determine whether a petition is frivolous or patently without merit. Id.; 725 ILCS
5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2020). “The allegations of the petition, taken as true and liberally
construed, need only present the gist of a constitutional claim.” People v. Brown,
236 Ill. 2d 175,
184 (2010). “To be summarily dismissed at the first stage as frivolous or patently without merit,
the petition must have no arguable basis either in law or in fact ….” Boykins,
2017 IL 121365,
¶ 9.
¶ 63 Under section 122-2 of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-2
(West 2020)), “[t]he petition shall have attached thereto affidavits, records, or other evidence
supporting its allegations or shall state why the same are not attached.” Generally, “the failure to
either attach the necessary ‘affidavits, records, or other evidence’ or explain their absence is
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‘fatal’ to a post-conviction petition [citation] and by itself justifies the petition’s summary
dismissal.” People v. Collins, 202 Ill. 2d 59, 66 (2002) (quoting People v. Turner,
187 Ill. 2d
406, 414 (1999)).
¶ 64 Here, the trial court did not err in summarily dismissing defendant’s pro se
postconviction petition because defendant failed to attach an affidavit from French to his petition
or adequately explain its absence. In the petition, defendant stated he was “currently in the
process of retrieving” French’s affidavit and intended to produce it before the petition was
reviewed on its merits. Similarly, in an affidavit attached to the petition, defendant averred he
was “in the process of obtaining [French’s] affidavit,” he was unable to obtain it before the
deadline for filing the petition, and he intended to submit it prior to the second stage of
postconviction proceedings. However, defendant’s statements in the petition and his affidavit
merely acknowledged that he had not obtained an affidavit from French and indicated his intent
to obtain and submit one later. Defendant did not actually explain why he had not obtained an
affidavit from French. See id. at 65 (“If such ‘affidavits, records, or other evidence’ are
unavailable, the petition must explain why.” (quoting 725 ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2000))).
¶ 65 We reject defendant’s argument that other documentation attached to his pro se
postconviction petition explained why he had not been able to obtain an affidavit from French.
Specifically, defendant notes he attached to his petition test results showing he contracted
COVID-19 in December 2020 and a copy of his motion for an extension of time to file a
postconviction petition. While defendant alleged in the motion for an extension of time to file a
postconviction petition that contracting COVID-19 and having limited access to the law library
were hindering him from filing his postconviction petition on time, he did not allege in his
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postconviction petition or any supporting documentation that these things prevented him from
obtaining an affidavit from French.
¶ 66 In reaching our decision, we reject defendant’s argument that his explanation for
failing to attach an affidavit from French is similar to the one given by the defendant in People v.
Bates, 2022 IL App (4th) 210106-U. In Bates, the defendant appealed the summary dismissal of
his postconviction petition, which included a claim that his trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to contact or interview an alibi witness.
Id. ¶ 28. The defendant stated in an affidavit
attached to his petition that members of his family went to the residence of the alibi witness in
March 2020 to locate her, but they learned she had moved to Chicago.
Id. ¶ 30. The defendant
alleged that, during the pandemic, his prison and the city of Chicago were subject to quarantine
and stay-at-home orders, which prevented his family members from traveling to locate his alibi
witness and obtain her affidavit.
Id. The defendant averred that his incarceration prevented him
from locating the witnesses himself.
Id. This court held that the defendant’s explanation for the
absence of the alibi witness’s affidavit was “reasonable and sufficient,” noting that section 122-2
of the Act required the defendant to merely “ ‘state why the [affidavit is] not attached.’ ”
Id. ¶ 48
(quoting 725 ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2020)).
¶ 67 In the instant case, unlike in Bates, defendant gave no specific reason for why he
did not attach an affidavit from French. He merely acknowledged he had not obtained an
affidavit and stated he was “in the process” of getting one. Although defendant claimed that
COVID-19 restrictions impeded his ability to file his petition on time, he did not explain how the
restrictions prevented him from obtaining French’s affidavit.
¶ 68 III. CONCLUSION
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¶ 69 For the reasons stated, we vacate defendant’s convictions for UUW in Will
County case Nos. 90-CF-1445 and 92-CF-3211, his two convictions for UUWF in Will County
case No. 94-CF-2443, and his conviction for AHC in the instant case. We otherwise affirm the
judgment of the trial court summarily dismissing defendant’s pro se postconviction petition.
¶ 70 Affirmed in part and vacated in part.
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People v. Matthews, 2022 IL App (4th) 210752
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Adams County, No. 17-CF-74;
the Hon. Amy C. Lannerd, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Kathryn L. Oberer, of
for State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:
Attorneys Gary L. Farha, State’s Attorney, of Quincy (Patrick Delfino,
for David J. Robinson, and David E. Mannchen, of State’s
Appellee: Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the
People.
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