Cooper v. Allen’s Empirical Analysis
467 F.2d 836 · 1972
Citation profile
53 federal appellate · 5 district · 5 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 99 later decisions (3 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 1996 · most notably Alyeska Pipeline Service Company v. Wilderness Society (1975), Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond (1974)
53 federal appellate · 5 district · 5 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Griggs v. Duke Power Co. · Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc. · Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. · Jenkins v. United Gas Corp. · Smith v. Board of Education
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 99 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“We have already determined that the [defendant’s] discrimination against [the plaintiff] was not intentional. In such circumstances, [the plaintiff] is entitled both to back pay and individual injunctive relief unless the [defendant] can show by clear and convincing evidence that he would not have been hired even absent the discriminatory testing requirement.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“once plaintiff shows a discriminatory effect, the burden shifts to defendant to prove the test's validity.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.