National Collegiate Athletic Ass'n v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma’s Empirical Analysis
1984
Citation profile
595 federal appellate · 175 district · 80 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 1,670 later decisions (49 by the Supreme Court) — most recently December 2024 · most notably Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, Inc. (1992), Professional Real Estate Investors, Inc. v. Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. (1993)
595 federal appellate · 175 district · 80 state decisions — followed in 21 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedBoard of Regents of University of Oklahoma v. National Collegiate Athletic Ass'n (from Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Applies 15 U.S.C. § 1 (§ 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act) · 15 U.S.C. § 1293 (Sherman Antitrust Act) · 15 U.S.C. § 2 (§ 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act)
Relies on United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. · United States v. Grinnell Corp. · Brunswick Corporation v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat Inc · Northern Pacific Railway Co. v. United States · Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States
Cited together with Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. · National Society of Professional Engineers v. United States · Continental Inc v. Gte Sylvania Incorporated · Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Society · Federal Trade Commission v. Indiana Federation of Dentists
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 1,670 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“facially appears to be one that would always or almost always tend to restrict competition and decrease output.”
103 later decisions quote this exact passage“Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal.”
20 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“[W]hile the court has spoken of a `per se' rule against tying arrangements, it has also recognized that tying may have procompetitive justifications that make it inappropriate to condemn without considerable market analysis.”
15 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.