United States v. Williams’s Empirical Analysis
469 F.2d 540 · 1972
Citation profile
4 federal appellate · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 11 later decisions — most recently December 2019
4 federal appellate · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on United States v. Wade · Stovall v. Denno · Gilbert v. California · Coleman v. Alabama · Foster v. California
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 11 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[t]he showing in a lineup of four individuals wearing hats, along with a fifth, who was the prime suspect... and who was bareheaded was clearly improper and unnecessarily suggestive.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrencee.g. Raheem v. Kelly“the differences in physical appearance among the participants in the lineup had the predictable effect of focusing [the witness's] attention on appellant”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrencee.g. Raheem v. Kelly“[w]e all agree that the Williams lineup was suggestive”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrencee.g. Raheem v. Kelly
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.