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← 469 U.S. 287 - Alexander v. Choate

Alexander v. Choate’s Empirical Analysis

1985

Citation profile

2,309
cited by 2,309 later decisions
28
cited 28 times by the Supreme Court
35
states following
June 2025
most recently cited

717 federal appellate · 351 district · 210 state decisions

How this case has been cited

Cited by 2,309 later decisions (28 by the Supreme Court) — most recently June 2025 · most notably Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon (1985), Alexander v. Sandoval (2001)

717 federal appellate · 351 district · 210 state decisions — followed in 35 states

1.0k019851990200020102020decided

Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.

Appellate journey

reviewedJennings v. Alexander (from Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals)

Relationships

Relies on Cannon v. University of Chicago · Harris v. McRae · Regents of the University of California v. Bakke · Southeastern Community College v. Davis

Cited together with Southeastern Community College v. Davis · School Board of Nassau County Florida v. H Arline · Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. · Guardians Association v. Civil Service Commission of City of New York · Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 2,309 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

  1. “modifications to accommodate the handicapped, it may be required to make”
    57 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
    e.g. Wynne v. Tufts University School of Medicine · Pandazides v. Virginia Board of Education
  2. “conduct that has an unjustifiable disparate impact”
    29 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
    e.g. School Board of Nassau County Florida v. H Arline · John Doe v. Bluecross Blueshield of Tenn., Inc.
  3. “No otherwise qualified individual with handicaps ... shall, solely by reason of his or her handicap, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance....”
    24 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
    e.g. Tommy Olmstead Commissioner Georgia Department of Human Resourcess v. L C Jonathan Zimring · Freeman v. Cavazos

How this case has been treated — in progress

Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.