United States v. Baker’s Empirical Analysis
47 F.3d 691 · 1995
Citation profile
15 federal appellate · 1 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 31 later decisions — most recently May 2022 · most notably Roberts v. City of Shreveport (2005), United States of America v. Antonio Ibarra-Sanchez (1999)
15 federal appellate · 1 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 924 · 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 846 (§ 406 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Michigan v. Long · Pennsylvania v. Mimms · Conway v. Statesman Mortgage Co. · Kashif v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 31 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“This Court . . . has never held that an officer's objectively reasonable concern for safety does not justify a protective [search] for weapons where the officer has no actual fear for his safety.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the search of the passenger compartment of an automobile, limited to those areas in which a weapon may be placed or hidden, is permissible if the police officer possesses a reasonable belief based on specific and articulable facts which, taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the officer in believing that the suspect is dangerous and the suspect may gain immediate control of weapons.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“As we apply an objective standard of reasonableness to this determination [of a valid Terry search], our conclusion is not changed by [the officer's] testimony that he had no subjective fear that either Cummins or [his companion] were armed.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. State v. Dumas
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.