In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-1470
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
RONTRELL TURNIPSEED,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 17-cr-611-6 — Thomas M. Durkin, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED JANUARY 19, 2022 — DECIDED AUGUST 30, 2022
____________________
Before WOOD, HAMILTON, and JACKSON-AKIWUMI, Circuit
Judges.
JACKSON-AKIWUMI, Circuit Judge. Rontrell Turnipseed pled
guilty to conspiracy in violation of the Racketeer Influenced
and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) for actions he took
while participating in the Four Corner Hustlers street gang.
The district court sentenced Turnipseed to 120 months’ imprisonment—above the advisory sentencing guideline range.
Turnipseed challenges his sentence on three grounds. First, he
2 No. 21-1470
argues that the district court erred by applying the attempted
murder guideline, as opposed to the aggravated assault
guideline, in calculating the guidelines for his RICO offense.
Second, he contends that he was a minor participant in the
conspiracy and therefore entitled to a two-level reduction in
his guidelines calculation. Third, he argues that his sentence
is substantively unreasonable. We find no error and affirm.
I
In 2017, Turnipseed and ten codefendants from the Four
Corner Hustlers were indicted on federal racketeering and
obstruction charges. Two years later, Turnipseed pled guilty
to his involvement in the racketeering conspiracy, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). As part of his plea, Turnipseed signed
a plea agreement detailing the acts he committed in furtherance of the conspiracy. Turnipseed admitted that the Four
Corner Hustlers is a criminal enterprise engaged in racketeering activity including murder, robbery, extortion, and drug
trafficking. Turnipseed also admitted that:
• On April 20, 2010, he was on a block of West
Jackson Boulevard, armed with a loaded firearm, and selling heroin to customers on the
street. When police arrived, he hid the firearm
in a mailbox nearby. The officers recovered the
firearm from the mailbox and 23 zip-lock baggies containing a total of 2.3 grams of heroin
from his pocket.
• On August 31, 2012, he told a rival gang member
that the rival could not sell drugs on a block of
West Wilcox Street. During the exchange, he
took out a handgun and fired at the rival gang
No. 21-1470 3
member who returned fire. During the
shootout, a high school student, T.S., sustained
four gunshot wounds, including two “through- and-through” wounds in her right side and near
her lower chest. T.S. was hospitalized for several
hours and, following the incident, required
counseling once a week for two years. She continues to suffer back pain.
• On September 29, 2017, he persuaded three individuals to destroy photographs and videos on
his social media accounts to prevent their use in
his criminal proceeding. The photographs and
videos depicted him with firearms, narcotics,
and other members of the Four Corner Hustlers.
At sentencing, Turnipseed agreed that his most serious
conduct under the conspiracy was that he shot at the rival
gang member. He insisted, however, that this constituted aggravated assault and not attempted murder. Thus, he argued,
the district court should apply the aggravated assault guideline as his most serious racketeering activity.
Turnipseed also argued at sentencing that he was a minor
participant in the conspiracy. He therefore requested a two-level minor-role reduction under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2.
The district court rejected Turnipseed’s arguments. It concluded that Turnipseed’s most serious racketeering offense
was attempted murder, which the district court noted, required a showing of malice aforethought. The district court
found that Turnipseed acted with malice aforethought during
the shootout with a rival gang member. The district court explained:
4 No. 21-1470
The sequence of events, in my mind, by a preponderance [of the evidence] is the defendant
engaged in a clear thought process. It was not
reckless conduct. He got into an argument, he
pulled out a gun, and then shot at the person he
was arguing with. He did it with malice aforethought. I believe the evidence is clear on that
from his own words, from the sequence of
events. This was not a shot over his head. No
evidence of that … He was arguing with the
person, close enough to be heard, [when] he
pulled out a gun and shot at him.
The district court further explained that the shootout led to
the near-fatal shooting of an innocent high school student.
Based on these findings, the district court applied the attempted murder guideline as Turnipseed’s most serious racketeering activity.
The district court also found that Turnipseed was not a mi- nor participant in the conspiracy. Specifically, the district
court stated:
The other defendants who have pled guilty and
been sentenced, Mr. Sims and DeAndre Spann,
there is no evidence of them being involved in
violence. If there is such evidence, it hasn’t been
brought to my attention. What they pled to are
simple drug crimes, in essence. They pled to
racketeering, but it [is] related to drug activity.
And so I think the fact that a person is willing to
kill to protect drug territory and [] is armed
when he’s selling drugs is someone who can’t
be characterized under the definitions set forth
No. 21-1470 5
in the guideline as someone who is a minor participant.
Based on the district court’s findings, Turnipseed had a total
offense level of 26, a criminal history category of I, and sentencing range of 63 to 78 months. The district court sentenced
Turnipseed to 120 months’ imprisonment, followed by three
years’ supervised release.
In imposing the sentence, the district court weighed the 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, specifically identifying aggravating
and mitigating factors. Relevant here, the district court considered Turnipseed’s social media posts an aggravating factor. The district court acknowledged that Turnipseed was an
aspiring rap artist with a recording contract, and that some of
his social media posts were promotional material for that career. But outside of photos and videos relating to his rap career, the district court found that several posts showed that
Turnipseed was a felon in possession. The district court rejected Turnipseed’s argument that the guns in those videos
and photos were fake; the court reasoned that if they were,
Turnipseed would not have committed obstruction in attempting to delete the photos and videos.
The district court also considered Turnipseed’s history
with gun violence an aggravating factor. The district court
stated:
You were shot at the age of 14. And you’ve seen
a number of people shot. Your being shot is not
your fault. But you ought to know having been
shot yourself how dangerous it is to go shooting
guns. And I find that an aggravating circumstance. You saw firsthand the carnage that
6 No. 21-1470
happens in your neighborhood when people
shoot up people, and you’ve participated in it.
The district court considered the severity of Turnipseed’s conduct as an additional aggravating factor. Turnipseed joined
the gang when he was seventeen years old and remained involved until his arrest in his early twenties. As part of the
gang, the district court found, Turnipseed was armed and
ready to kill to protect drug property. The district court also
noted that Turnipseed’s actions resulted in the shooting of an
innocent student. The district court explained that “an inch
either way,” T.S. would have died and Turnipseed would possibly be facing life in prison. The district court also considered
T.S.’s victim impact statement and that T.S. would live with
the trauma of the shooting for the rest of her life.
In mitigation, the district court noted that Turnipseed had
a rough childhood, grew up in a violent neighborhood, and
suffered significant childhood trauma. The district court
acknowledged that Turnipseed’s brother was a victim of gang
violence, and Turnipseed had witnessed people shot to death.
The district court also considered an expert report submitted
on Turnipseed’s behalf.
In the end, the district court found the advisory sentencing
guidelines too low. The district court explained that the
guidelines did not take into account many of Turnipseed’s
crimes, such as committing obstruction or being a felon in
possession of a firearm on more than one occasion. In imposing an above-guideline sentence, the district court made clear
that it would impose the same sentence regardless of whether
it applied the aggravated assault guideline or found Turnipseed a minor participant. This appeal followed.
No. 21-1470 7
II
We review sentencing decisions in two steps. United States
v. Porraz, 943 F.3d 1099, 1102 (7th Cir. 2019). First, we ensure
that the district court did not commit any significant procedural error, such as improperly calculating the applicable
guidelines range.
Id. Second, if we find no procedural error,
we examine the substantive reasonableness of the sentence
under an abuse of discretion standard.
Id.
Turnipseed raises three arguments related to his sentence.
He says that the district court erred by: (1) applying the attempted murder guideline as the most serious underlying
racketeering activity; (2) finding that he was not a minor participant in the conspiracy; and (3) imposing a substantively
unreasonable sentence. We review each argument in turn.
A. Attempted Murder Guideline
Turnipseed first argues that the district court should have
applied U.S.S.G. § 2A2.2 which governs aggravated assault,
as opposed to U.S.S.G. § 2A2.1, which covers attempted murder. We review the district court’s application of the sentencing guidelines for procedural error de novo and the district
court’s factual findings for clear error. United States v. Cherry,
855 F.3d 813, 815-16 (7th Cir. 2017).
The RICO guideline instructs courts to use the offense
level applicable to one of the predicate offenses underlying
the RICO charge if that offense level is greater than the base
offense level of 12 specified by the RICO guideline. U.S.S.G.
§ 2E1.3. The parties agree that Turnipseed’s shootout with a
rival gang member was his most serious predicate offense,
and that the appropriate guideline range should be based on
that shootout, but they disagree about the guideline that
8 No. 21-1470
applies. Turnipseed contends that aggravated assault is the
appropriate guideline. See U.S.S.G. § 2A2.2. The guideline defines aggravated assault as “a felonious assault that involved
(A) a dangerous weapon with intent to cause bodily injury
(i.e., not merely to frighten) with that weapon; (B) serious
bodily injury; (C) strangling, suffocating, or attempting to
strangle or suffocate; or (D) an intent to commit another felony.” U.S.S.G. § 2A2.2 cmt. 1. It provides a base offense level
of 14, with an increase in levels depending on whether a firearm was discharged or brandished and on the severity of injury to the victim.
The district court, however, agreed with the government
that the attempted murder guideline was appropriate. See
U.S.S.G. § 2A1. The attempted murder guideline provides a
base offense level of 33 for first degree murder, or 27 for any
other murder. For the definition of attempted murder, the
guideline points to the federal murder statute, 18 U.S.C.
§ 1111. U.S.S.G. § 2A2.1 cmt. 1. The federal murder statute defines murder as “the unlawful killing of a human being with
malice aforethought.”
18 U.S.C. § 1111(a). The statute then
goes on to explain that first-degree murder requires premeditation or killing during the commission of certain specified
felonies, and that all “other murder is murder in the second
degree.”
Id. Here, the attempted murder would be classified
as second-degree murder, and requires a showing that Turnipseed acted with malice aforethought.
Malice aforethought means to act without regard to the
life of another or to take someone’s life deliberately and intentionally. See United States v. Delaney, 717 F.3d 553, 555 (7th Cir.
2013). To prove malice aforethought, the government must
prove that Turnipseed harbored an intent to kill.
Id.
No. 21-1470 9
Turnipseed argues that the facts do not support that he
acted with malice aforethought, or that he otherwise acted
with intent to kill. As Turnipseed sees it, the evidence shows
that he acted with an attempt to frighten or possibly cause
bodily injury with a weapon. 1 But there is no clear error in the
district court’s conclusion that the evidence shows otherwise.
Turnipseed admitted that he got into an argument with a rival
gang member to protect drug property and that, during the
argument, he took out a handgun and began firing at the rival
gang member. Forensics confirmed that multiple rounds of
shots were fired. As a result of opening fire, an innocent student was shot four times, suffering “through and through”
wounds in her right side and near her lower chest. As the district court noted, an inch either way, T.S. would have been
dead. These facts are sufficient to support the district court’s
finding that Turnipseed acted with malice aforethought. See,
e.g., United States v. Grant, 15 F.4th 452, 458 (6th Cir. 2021)
(finding intent for attempted murder where defendant aimed
the gun in victim’s direction and fired); United States v. Tello,
687 F.3d 785, 789 (7th Cir. 2012) (district court applied attempted murder guideline in view of defendant’s acknowledgment that he had fired a gun at members of the rival
gang); see also Braxton v. United States,
500 U.S. 344 (1991)
1 Turnipseed directs our attention to several cases where a defendant intentionally assaulted someone with a weapon causing serious bodily injury and was sentenced under the aggravated assault guideline. See, e.g.,
United States v. Smith,
910 F.2d 326 (6th Cir. 1990); United States v. Woodlee,
136 F.3d 1399 (10th Cir. 1998); United States v. Hicks,
4 F.3d 1358 (6th Cir.
1993); United States v. Willis,
925 F.2d 359 (10th Cir. 1991); United States v.
Phillips,
239 F.3d 829 (7th Cir. 2001). These cases, however, are inapposite.
Unlike here, those cases did not involve a district court finding that the
defendant acted with the intent to kill.
10 No. 21-1470
(“stipulation by [defendant] that he shot ‘at a marshal,’ without any qualification” may establish the necessary intent).
It is true that the evidence could support that Turnipseed
committed aggravated assault; many judges might have chosen that route. But our governing standard is clear error, under which the district court need only adopt a permissible view
of the evidence. See United States v. Lard, 327 F.3d 551, 554
(7th Cir. 2003). Based on both Turnipseed’s admitted conduct
and the record, the district court permissibly concluded that
Turnipseed acted with the requisite intent to justify application of the attempted murder guideline. See, e.g., Grant,
15
F.4th at 458 (defendant’s competing view that the evidence
shows only aggravated assault is not the only view, and therefore, insufficient to overcome the deferential clear error standard).
B. Minor Participant
Turnipseed next argues that he was entitled to a two-level
decrease under the guidelines because he was a minor participant in the conspiracy. “A district court must make factual
findings to determine whether a defendant should receive a
minor-role reduction, and, therefore, we review the decision
for clear error.” United States v. Guzman-Ramirez, 949 F.3d
1034, 1037 (7th Cir. 2020). Under the clear error standard, we
reverse only where, having reviewed the entire record, we are
left with “a firm and definite conviction that a mistake has
been made.” United States v. Hernandez,
37 F.4th 1316, 1320
(7th Cir. 2022).
Section 3B1.2 provides for a two-level decrease for a defendant who is only a “minor participant” in a conspiracy,
meaning one “who is less culpable than most other
No. 21-1470 11
participants, but whose role could not be described as minimal.” United States v. Jones,
55 F. 3d 289, 293 (7th Cir. 1995).
For the reduction to apply, a defendant must show by a preponderance of the evidence that he was “substantially less
culpable than the average participant.” United States v. Orlando,
819 F.3d 1016, 1025 (7th Cir. 2016) (quoting U.S.S.G. §
3B1.2 cmt. 3(A)). To determine whether the defendant has met
his burden, courts compare the defendant’s role to that of the
average member of the conspiracy, and not the leaders. United
States v. Guzman-Ramirez,
949 F.3d 1034, 1037 (7th Cir. 2020).
Courts also consider a non-exhaustive list of factors such as:
(i) defendant’s role in the conspiracy, including the length of
his involvement; (ii) knowledge of the conspiracy; (iii) participation in planning and decision-making; (iv) relationship
with other participants; and (v) potential financial gain. Id.;
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 cmt. 3(C) (determination is based on the totality of the circumstances). The application of § 3B1.2 is “fact
specific [and] based on the district court’s evaluation of [a defendant’s] role in the context of the other participants in the
scheme,” United States v. Sanchez,
989 F.3d 523, 545 (7th Cir.
2021), and the sentencing court is in the best position to determine the role that a defendant had in the criminal activity.
United States v. Sandoval-Velazco,
736 F.3d 1104, 1107 (7th Cir.
2013).
Turnipseed contends that the district court made no effort
to place his specific conduct within the context of the conspiracy charged as a whole. It is true that pool size matters: Turnipseed’s role may seem bigger or smaller depending on what
slice of the Four Corners Hustlers universe one looks at.
Judged against simple street dealers and other individuals
lower on the totem pole than he, Turnipseed’s role may seem
major. Judged against higher-ups in a gang that could include
12 No. 21-1470
hundreds of people with grander roles than he, Turnipseed’s
role may seem minor. But the clear error standard means we
must reverse only when we are left with “a firm and definite
conviction that a mistake has been made.” Hernandez, 37 F.4th
at 1320. And Turnipseed had the burden of showing that he
was “substantially less culpable than the average participant”
in his conspiracy. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 cmt. 3(A).
Here, the district court’s analysis, particularly absent a
contrary showing by Turnipseed, does not lend itself to a firm
conviction that a mistake was made. The district court found
that Turnipseed played an important, not minor, role in the
conspiracy. The district court surmised that the Four Corner
Hustlers included leaders, shooters, murderers, and simple
street dealers. The court then concluded that, “[h]aving a person armed and ready to kill to protect drug territory is the
definition of a person essential to the operation of the gang.”
The court also compared Turnipseed’s conduct to two codefendants who, unlike Turnipseed, were simple drug dealers
with no evidence of violence. Based on this record, we see no
clear error in the district court’s finding that Turnipseed was
not “substantially less culpable” than the average participant
in the conspiracy. See, e.g., United States v. Bey, 748 F.3d 774,
779 (7th Cir. 2014) (no plausible claim for a minor-participant
reduction in his guidelines range in part where the defendant
is just as culpable or more culpable than others); United States
v. Zhaofa Wang,
707 F.3d 911, 917 (7th Cir. 2013) (affirming district court’s decision not to apply the minor participant reduction where defendant was fully involved in the conspiracy,
over a significant period of time, and played an active and essential role, even if others were more culpable); United States
v. McKee,
389 F.3d 697, 700 (7th Cir. 2004) (“[W]here each person was an ‘essential component’ in the conspiracy, the fact
No. 21-1470 13
that other members of conspiracy were more involved does
not entitle a defendant to a reduction in the offense level.”).
And, importantly, Turnipseed did not meet his burden of
showing by a preponderance of the evidence that the contrary
conclusion was the only conclusion.
C. Uncharged Conduct and Sentence Reasonableness
Turnipseed’s final argument is that the district court imposed an unreasonable sentence based on uncharged conduct. We review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence
for abuse of discretion. United States v. Bridgewater, 950 F.3d
928, 935 (7th Cir. 2020), cert. denied,
141 S. Ct. 638 (2020). In
reviewing sentences for substantive reasonableness, “[w]e do
not ask what sentence we would impose; we ask whether the
district judge imposed a sentence for logical reasons that are
consistent with the
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors.” United States
v. Campbell,
37 F.4th 1345, 1352 (7th Cir. 2022) (citations omitted).
There is no presumption that an above-guideline sentence
is unreasonable. United States v. Morgan, 987 F.3d 627, 632 (7th
Cir. 2021). When considering whether an above-guideline
sentence is substantively reasonable, we “consider the extent
of the deviation and ensure that the justification is sufficiently
compelling to support the degree of variance.” Gall v. United
States,
552 U.S. 38, 50 (2007). “As long as the sentencing judge
gives adequate justification,” the judge “may impose a sentence above the guidelines range if he believes the range is too
lenient.” Morgan,
987 F.3d at 632 (citation omitted).
When fashioning a sentence, a judge may consider relevant uncharged conduct. United States v. Ballard,
12 F.4th 734,
743 (7th Cir. 2021); U.S.S.G. § 1B1.4. The uncharged conduct,
14 No. 21-1470
however, must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence, and the government bears the burden. United States v.
Holton,
873 F.3d 589, 591 (7th Cir. 2017).
Turnipseed argues that the district court abused its discretion by considering uncharged conduct. The uncharged conduct Turnipseed refers to is the district court’s consideration
of his social media posts as an aggravating factor. As the district court explained, the social media posts depicted Turnipseed as a felon in possession of a firearm. Turnipseed
claims that as an aspiring artist, he regularly displayed what
appeared to be drugs and guns. But the record reflects that
the government worked closely with Turnipseed to identify
photos and videos that were not connected to Turnipseed’s
role as an aspiring artist. Moreover, the district court did not
need to rely on Turnipseed’s social media posts to find that
Turnipseed unlawfully possessed a firearm on more than one
occasion. Turnipseed admitted to being armed while protecting drug territory and while engaged in a shootout with a rival gang member. In other words, Turnipseed’s admitted conduct, not his uncharged conduct, squarely identified him as a
felon in possession of a firearm. The district court’s consideration of this was not an abuse of discretion or reversible error.2
2 We are less persuaded by the district court’s rationale that the guns depicted in the videos and photos must have been real because, if they were
not, Turnipseed would not have attempted to obstruct justice by instructing individuals to delete his social media posts. A defendant could be just
as concerned about the effect of images with fake guns, as opposed to real
guns, on his prosecution and sentencing. Fake guns, after all, are designed
to look real.
No. 21-1470 15
Turnipseed also argues that the district court abused its
discretion when it considered his being shot at 14 years old as
an aggravating factor. During its discussion of aggravating
factors, the district court did consider this historical fact. If
one were to ignore the three sentences in between, the district
court’s statement certainly sounds inartful:
You were shot at the age of 14. And you’ve seen a
number of people shot. Your being shot is not
your fault. But you ought to know having been
shot yourself how dangerous it is to go shooting
guns. And I find that an aggravating circumstance.
(emphasis added). But the district court did not say it found
Turnipseed’s shooting at age 14 an aggravating circumstance.
Rather, the district court said it found aggravating the fact
that Turnipseed’s experience with gun violence should have,
but did not, deter him from perpetrating gun violence himself. We see no abuse of discretion in the district court’s consideration of this fact, particularly where the district court (a)
acknowledged that Turnipseed’s having been shot at age 14
was not his fault, and (b) also considered Turnipseed’s exposure to gun violence as a mitigating factor, including that he
grew up in a violent neighborhood, saw people get shot, and
lost a brother to gang violence.
The record before us demonstrates that the district court
properly considered the § 3553(a) factors and adequately explained why, in its view, Turnipseed’s record as a whole merited an above-guideline sentence. The district court explained
the nature and circumstances of Turnipseed’s offense and reviewed his history and characteristics. The district court highlighted that Turnipseed joined the gang at age seventeen and
has been a member of the gang until his arrest; that
16 No. 21-1470
Turnipseed’s conduct in the gang included selling heroin and
being armed while protecting property; and that his shooting
at a rival gang member to protect drug property injured an
innocent student who will likely live with the effects of that
trauma for the rest of her life.
The district court also explained its view that the sentence
imposed must attempt general deterrence and specific deterrence; as for the latter, the court believed Turnipseed demonstrated that he does not follow the law. The district court considered several mitigating factors, including Turnipseed’s
childhood trauma. In the end, however, the district court
found the guidelines too low because they did not take into
account certain aggravating factors. The district court gave
adequate justification for imposing an above-guideline sentence, and based on this record, we cannot conclude that the
district court abused its discretion in imposing the 120-month
sentence.
III
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
