Oregon v. Elstad’s Empirical Analysis
1985
Citation profile
1,146 federal appellate · 321 district · 2,186 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 4,853 later decisions (65 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2026 · most notably Arizona v. Fulminante (1991), Colorado v. Connelly (1986)
1,146 federal appellate · 321 district · 2,186 state decisions — followed in 49 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Miranda v. State of Arizona Vignera · Wong Sun v. United States · Bruton v. United States · United States v. Leon · Edwards v. Arizona
Cited together with Miranda v. State of Arizona Vignera · Wong Sun v. United States · Rhode Island v. Innis · Edwards v. Arizona · Missouri v. Seibert
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 4,853 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“It is an unwarranted extension of Miranda to hold that a simple failure to administer the warnings, unaccompanied by any actual coercion or other circumstances calculated to undermine the suspect’s ability to exercise his free will, so taints the investigatory process that a subsequent voluntary and informed waiver is ineffective for some indeterminate period. Though Miranda requires that the unwarned admission must be suppressed, the admissibility of any subsequent statement should turn in these circumstances solely on whether it is knowingly and voluntarily made.”
406 later decisions quote this exact passage“concerning suspects whose invocation of their rights to remain silent and to have counsel present were flatly ignored while police subjected them to continued interrogation.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“A Miranda violation does not constitute coercion but rather affords a bright-line, legal presumption of coercion, requiring suppression of all unwarned statements.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.