Hayes v. Florida’s Empirical Analysis
1985
Citation profile
317 federal appellate · 91 district · 424 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 1,010 later decisions (13 by the Supreme Court) — most recently May 2025 · most notably Tennessee v. Garner (1985), United States v. Montoya De Hernandez (1985)
317 federal appellate · 91 district · 424 state decisions — followed in 37 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Miranda v. State of Arizona Vignera · Terry v. Ohio · Payton v. New York · Florida v. Royer · Adams v. Williams
Cited together with Terry v. Ohio · Dunaway v. New York · Florida v. Royer · Davis v. Mississippi · Wong Sun v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 1,010 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“There is no doubt that at some point in the investigative process, police procedures can qualitatively and quantitatively be so intrusive with respect to a suspect’s freedom of movement and privacy interests as to trigger the full protection of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. And our view continues to be that the line is crossed when the police, without probable cause or a warrant, forcibly remove a person from his home or other place in which he is entitled to be and transport him to the police station, where he is detained, although briefly, for investigative purposes. We adhere to the view that such seizures, at least where not under judicial supervision, are sufficiently like arrests to invoke the traditional rule that arrests may constitutionally be made only on probable cause.”
39 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“'[a] brief stop of a suspicious individual, in order to determine his identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more information, may be most reasonable in light of the facts known to the officer at the time.'”
29 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“sustained against Fourth Amendment challenge the involuntary removal of a suspect from his home to a police station and his detention there for investigative purposes, whether for interrogation or fingerprinting, absent probable cause or judicial authorization.”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.