New York v. Class’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

272 federal appellate · 74 district · 486 state decisions

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 1,088 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. “'the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual's Fourth Amendment interests against the importance of the governmental interests alleged to justify the intrusion.'”

   66 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
   e.g. City of Indianapolis v. Edmond · United States v. Muniz-Melchor

2. “However, even assuming that respondent had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the VIN, why is this relevant to the question we decide? [The searching officer] did not look for the VIN from outside of respondent's vehicle, but searched the car without respondent's consent in order to locate the VIN. By focusing on the object of the search—the VIN—the Court misses the issue we must decide: whether an interior search of the car to discover that object was constitutional. Regardless of whether he had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the VIN, respondent clearly retained a reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to the area searched by the police—the car's interior. As the court below noted, "[t]he fact that certain information must be kept, or that it may be of a public nature, does not automatically sanction police intrusion into private space in order to obtain it."”

   3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
   e.g. State v. Larocco · Traft v. Commonwealth

3. “no reasonable expectation of privacy in the VIN.”

   3 later decisions quote this exact passage
   e.g. United States v. Jackson · 106 Wash. 2d 144 - State v. Stroud