California v. Ciraolo’s Empirical Analysis
1986
Citation profile
532 federal appellate · 143 district · 803 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 1,968 later decisions (43 by the Supreme Court) — most recently June 2026 · most notably Kyllo v. United States (2001), California v. Acevedo (1991)
532 federal appellate · 143 district · 803 state decisions — followed in 45 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Katz v. United States · Payton v. New York · Rakas v. Illinois · Johnson v. United States · Boyd v. United States
Cited together with Katz v. United States · Oliver v. United States · Rakas v. Illinois · United States v. Dunn · Smith v. Maryland
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 1,968 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection.”
41 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“The protection afforded the curtilage is essentially a protection of families and personal privacy in an area intimately linked to the home, both physically and psychologically, where privacy expectations are most heightened.”
21 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“a two-part inquiry: first, has the individual manifested a subjective expectation of privacy in the object of the challenged search? Second, is society willing to recognize that expectation as reasonable?”
18 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.