Turner v. Murray’s Empirical Analysis
1986
Citation profile
244 federal appellate · 12 district · 379 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 912 later decisions (60 by the Supreme Court) — most recently September 2024 · most notably Batson v. Kentucky (1986), Harmelin v. Michigan (1991)
244 federal appellate · 12 district · 379 state decisions — followed in 32 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedTurner v. Bass (from Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Relies on Gregg v. Georgia · Lockett v. Ohio · Caldwell v. Mississippi · Eddings v. Oklahoma · Zant v. Stephens
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 912 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“a capital defendant accused of an interracial crime is entitled to have prospective jurors informed of the race of the victim and questioned on the issue of racial bias.”
20 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrencee.g. Moore v. Butler · Walker v. State“[b]ecause of the range of discretion entrusted to a jury in a capital sentencing hearing, there is a unique opportunity for racial prejudice to operate but remain undetected.”
19 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“"In a capital sentencing proceeding before a jury, the jury is called upon to make a `highly subjective, unique, individualized judgment regarding the punishment that a particular person deserves.' Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 US 320, 340, n 7 , 86 L Ed 2d 231 , 105 S Ct 2633 [2645, n. 7] (1985) (quoting Zant v. Stephens, 462 US 862, 900 , 77 L Ed 2d 235 , 103 S Ct 2733 [2743] (1983) (Rehnquist, J., concurring in judgment)).”
9 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.