Batson v. Kentucky’s Empirical Analysis
1986
Citation profile
4,566 federal appellate · 219 district · 15,859 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 24,807 later decisions (174 by the Supreme Court) — most recently May 2026 · most notably Miller-El v. Cockrell Director Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institutional Division (2003), Teague v. Lane (1989)
4,566 federal appellate · 219 district · 15,859 state decisions — followed in 50 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green · Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine · Glasser v. United States · Anderson v. City of Bessemer City
Cited together with Hernandez v. New York · Strickland v. Washington · Swain v. State of Alabama · Purkett v. Elem · Powers v. Ohio
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 24,807 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“the Equal Protection Clause forbids the prosecutor to challenge potential jurors solely on account of their race or on the assumption that black jurors as a group will be unable impartially to consider the State's case against a black defendant.”
1,203 later decisions quote this exact passagee.g. Lockhart v. McCree · Allen v. Hardy“the claimant must first establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination. If the claimant establishes a prima facie case, the party exercising the peremptory must proffer a race-neutral explanation. This non-racial explanation `need not be particularly persuasive, or even plausible, so long as it is neutral.' After the defending party offers its race-neutral justification, the challenging party must demonstrate that the purported explanation is merely a pretext for a racial motivation. As with discrimination claims generally, the ultimate burden of persuasion always rests with the party challenging the peremptory.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“a defendant alleging lack of a fair cross section must demonstrate systematic exclusion of a group of jurors from the venire.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passagee.g. Lockhart v. McCree · McGee v. State
How later courts have treated this case
Across 86 classified citations — whether each later court relied on, limited, or rejected this decision:
- 35cited without characterization
- 27explained
- 24followed
Treatment is classified from each citing court's own sentence. This is a running sample — coverage grows as the classification pass proceeds; overrulings are also tracked authoritatively in the case status.