Bazemore v. Friday’s Empirical Analysis
1986
Citation profile
572 federal appellate · 171 district · 48 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 1,423 later decisions (27 by the Supreme Court) — most recently August 2020 · most notably National Railroad Passenger Corporation v. Morgan (2002), Alexander v. Sandoval (2001)
572 federal appellate · 171 district · 48 state decisions — followed in 12 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedthe decision below (from Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 701 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 703 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 707 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000H · 7 U.S.C. § 341 (Smith-Lever Act)
Relies on Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine · Anderson v. City of Bessemer City · United States v. United States Gypsum Co. · International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States · Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody
Cited together with International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States · McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green · United Air Lines, Inc. v. Evans · Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. · Hazelwood School District v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 1,423 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Each week's paycheck that delivers less to a black than to a similarly situated white is a wrong actionable under Title VII, regardless of the fact that this pattern was begun prior to the effective date of Title VII.”
33 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“Normally, failure to include variables will affect the analysis' probativeness, not its admissibility.”
32 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“A plaintiff in a Title VII suit need not prove discrimination with scientific certainty; rather his or her burden is to prove discrimination by a preponderance of the evidence.”
22 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.