Walgren v. Howes’s Empirical Analysis
482 F.2d 95 · 1973
Citation profile
10 federal appellate · 12 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 26 later decisions — most recently October 2014 · most notably In Re the Attorney General, Stephan (1979), Rodríguez v. Municipality of San Juan (2011)
10 federal appellate · 12 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Conley v. Gibson · San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez · Dunn v. Blumstein · Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections Butts · Sartor v. Arkansas Natural Gas Corp.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 26 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“it seems only sensible that if a condition, not insignificant, disproportionately affects the voting rights of citizens specially protected by a constitutional amendment, the burden must shift to the governmental unit to show how the statutory scheme effectuates, in the least drastic way, some compelling governmental objective.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage“presence or absence of intent to discriminate against the protected class (does not) seem relevant in many circumstances,”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.