Antonio McGhee v. State of Maryland, No. 64, September Term, 2021.
Opinion by Biran, J.
CRIMINAL LAW – INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL –
“CSI-EFFECT” VOIR DIRE QUESTION – During jury selection at Petitioner’s 2007
murder trial, Petitioner’s attorney did not object to a voir dire question that asked: “Does
any member of this panel believe that the State has got to present fingerprint evidence,
DNA, blood sample evidence, ballistic evidence, any scientific evidence in order to
convince you of the defendant’s guilt? In other words, do you think the State has a
requirement to do that in all cases?” The jury found Petitioner guilty. In a trilogy of cases
that the Court of Appeals decided in the years following Petitioner’s trial, the Court held
that so-called “CSI-effect” voir dire questions and similar jury instructions can improperly
intrude on the province of the jury. Charles v. State,
414 Md. 726 (2010); Atkins v. State,
421 Md. 434 (2011); Stabb v. State,
423 Md. 454 (2011). In 2014, Petitioner filed a
post-conviction claim alleging that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance of
counsel by not objecting to the CSI-effect voir dire question at his trial. The Court of
Appeals held that, under the prevailing professional norms that existed in 2007, defense
counsel’s failure to object to a CSI-effect voir dire question did not render counsel’s
performance constitutionally deficient under Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668
(1984). The Court declined to address the retroactivity of Charles, Atkins, and Stabb in
determining whether counsel’s conduct was objectively unreasonable, because Strickland
requires a post-conviction court to assess an attorney’s performance based on the prevailing
professional norms at the time of the contested conduct. Cases that are decided after a
defendant’s trial do not shed light on the professional norms that existed at the time of the
defendant’s trial.
Circuit Court for Prince George’s County
Case No.: CT07-1096X
Argued: September 12, 2022
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 64
September Term, 2021
ANTONIO MCGHEE
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND
Fader, C.J.
Watts
Hotten
Booth
Biran
Gould
Eaves,
JJ.
Opinion by Biran, J.
Filed: October 24, 2022
Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.
2022-10-24
11:21-04:00
Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
This case arises from a post-conviction court’s grant of a new trial to Petitioner
Antonio McGhee based on ineffective assistance of counsel. In December 2007, a jury in
the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County convicted McGhee of the murder of Keith
Dreher. The basis of McGhee’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim is his counsel’s
failure to object to what courts and commentators have called a “CSI-effect” voir dire
question.
The “CSI effect” describes the theorized impact of television crime scene dramas
on jurors. The theory suggests that, based on the proliferation of programs such as CSI,
jurors in criminal cases now expect the prosecution to produce DNA evidence and/or other
forensic evidence to prove a defendant’s guilt, and that juries are prone to wrongfully acquit
criminal defendants where the prosecution does not produce such evidence. See, e.g.,
Robinson v. State, 436 Md. 560, 570 n.11 (2014) (citing Donald E. Shelton, Juror
Expectations for Scientific Evidence in Criminal Cases: Perceptions and Reality About the
‘CSI Effect’ Myth, 27 T.M. COOLEY L. REV. 1, 3 (2010)).
In 2010 and 2011 – more than two years after McGhee’s trial – this Court considered
three cases related to the CSI effect, and held in each that a CSI-effect message from the
bench constituted reversible error. See Charles v. State, 414 Md. 726 (2010); Atkins v.
State,
421 Md. 434 (2011); Stabb v. State,
423 Md. 454 (2011). One of the questions before
this Court is whether to apply these three cases retroactively in the context of an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim.
In Strickland v. Washington, the Supreme Court set out the controlling test for
evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim under the Sixth Amendment. 466 U.S.
668 (1984). The Strickland test requires a petitioner claiming ineffective assistance of
counsel to make two showings. First, the petitioner must show that counsel’s performance
was deficient.
Id. at 687. “This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that
counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth
Amendment.”
Id. Second, “the defendant must show that the deficient performance
prejudiced the defense.”
Id.
Under Strickland, in considering the first “performance” prong of the test for
ineffective assistance, we are bound to evaluate defense counsel’s conduct according to
professional norms that existed at the time of the contested action (or inaction). Id. at 689.
This analysis precludes us from evaluating counsel’s conduct based on law that did not
exist at the time. Thus, we do not assess counsel’s performance at McGhee’s trial as if it
occurred after this Court decided Charles, Stabb, and Atkins. Under the professional norms
that existed at the time of McGhee’s trial, defense counsel’s failure to object to a CSI-effect
voir dire question did not render her performance constitutionally deficient.
I
Background
A. Maryland Jurisprudence Concerning the “CSI Effect”
1. CSI-Effect Jury Instructions
The term “CSI effect” emerged in 2002. Robinson, 436 Md. at 570. Due to the
popularity of forensic crime scene television series such as CSI: Crime Scene
2
Investigation,1 commentators speculated that such programs may heighten juror
expectations for forensic evidence. Id. at 570-71 (citing Jenny Wise, Providing the CSI
Treatment: Criminal Justice Practitioners and the CSI Effect, 21 CURRENT ISSUES CRIM.
JUST. 383, 383-84 (2010); Simon A. Cole & Rachel Dioso-Villa, Investigating the ‘CSI
Effect’ Effect: Media and Litigation Crisis in Criminal Law, 61 STAN. L. REV. 1335,
1338-39 (2009)). Studies that considered whether viewing CSI-type programs affected
jurors’ verdicts yielded inconclusive results. See Robinson,
436 Md. at 571-72.
Nevertheless, some courts began giving jury instructions to guard against a potential
CSI effect. These were sometimes referred to as “anti-CSI effect” instructions. See id. at
572. The advent of these jury instructions generated unique questions about the interaction
of pop culture, the role of the jury, and the State’s burden of proof, prompting consideration
in Maryland’s appellate courts.
In 2007, the Court of Special Appeals considered for the first time whether the
giving of a CSI-effect jury instruction constituted reversible error – specifically, whether
the instruction relieved the State of its burden of proof. Evans v. State, 174 Md. App. 549
1
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation aired on CBS from 2000 through 2015. Set in Las
Vegas, CSI was immensely popular and spawned several spinoff series, including
CSI: Miami, CSI: NY, and CSI: Cyber. See CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Editors of
Encyclopaedia Britannica, BRITANNICA, available at https://perma.cc/WA85-DK3A; see
also Atkins v. State, 421 Md. 434, 457-58 (Harrell, J., concurring) (observing that the
“success of ‘forensic’ dramas … skyrocketed in 2000 with the debut of CSI: Crime Scene
Investigation, referred to as ‘the most popular television show in the world’ at one time”
and noting that, in a 2006 Nielsen rating, 30 million people watched CSI in one night; 70
million people watched one of the three CSI shows then in production; and 40 million
people watched two other forensic dramas, Without a Trace and Cold Case) (citations
omitted). In 2021, the Las Vegas iteration of the CSI franchise returned to television as
CSI: Vegas. See CSI: Vegas, CBS, available at https://perma.cc/B9F6-ENEJ.
3
(2007). The State charged Evans and another man with possession and distribution of
heroin after conducting an undercover “buy bust” operation. Id. at 552-53. At trial, Evans’s
attorney cross-examined the investigating detective concerning specific investigative
techniques that the detective had not used, including the failure to capture the drug
transaction through the use of video or audio recording equipment.
Id. at 562. This line of
cross-examination prompted the trial court to instruct the jury as follows:
During this trial, you have heard testimony of witnesses and may hear
argument of counsel that the State did not utilize a specific investigative
technique or scientific test. You may consider these facts in deciding whether
the State has met its burden of proof. You should consider all of the evidence
or lack of evidence in deciding whether a defendant is guilty. However, I
instruct you that there is no legal requirement that the State utilize any
specific investigative technique or scientific test to prove its case. Your
responsibility as jurors is to determine whether the State has proven, based
on the evidence, the defendants’ guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Id. Evans’s trial counsel did not object to the giving of this instruction.
Id. at 564-65.
In his closing argument, Evans’s counsel highlighted the detective’s failure to
record the alleged transaction. See id. at 562-63. The co-defendant’s attorney echoed this
point in his closing argument, also noting the lack of forensic evidence: “You have a
situation where there are absolutely no scientific tests that implicate my client in any way.
There’s no audio. There’s no video. There’s no fingerprints. There is nothing.”
Id. at
563-64.
On appeal, Evans argued that the instruction concerning specific investigative
techniques and scientific tests improperly relieved the State of its burden to prove his guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 562. Because Evans had failed to preserve this issue
through objection in the trial court, the Court of Special Appeals held that it was precluded
4
from considering it. Id. at 566. In dicta, the intermediate appellate court noted that the jury
instruction was a correct statement of the law and that it did not relieve the State of its
burden of proof.
Id. at 570. However, the court “stress[ed] that the salutary effect of the
instruction is found in the advisement that the absence of such evidence should be factored
into the juror’s determination of whether the State has shouldered its burden if, and only if,
the absence of such evidence, itself, creates reasonable doubt.”
Id. at 571. The court
continued: “The risk is greatest that such an instruction will run afoul of the prohibition
against relieving the State of its burden where the instruction is predominant in the overall
instructions and its relation to the reasonable doubt standard unclear.”
Id. Thus, the court
advised, “the preferable practice is for the … instruction to be promulgated in conjunction
with the explication of the State’s burden to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt.”
Id.
Between 2007 and 2011, no Maryland appellate court addressed the CSI effect in
the context of a jury instruction.2 In 2011, this Court considered such an instruction for the
first time in Atkins v. State, 421 Md. at 434. Atkins was charged with three counts of assault
after he was involved in an altercation during which he stabbed three people. See
id. at
438-39. Three days after the incident, police executed a search warrant at Atkins’s home
and found a large, non-foldable “Rambo-type” knife in Atkins’s bedroom.
Id. at 439, 439
n.3. Police did not perform any scientific or forensic tests on the knife, and there was no
witness testimony at trial linking that knife to the stabbings.
Id. at 439. Nevertheless, the
2
As discussed below, in 2010 this Court considered a CSI-effect voir dire question
in Charles v. State, 414 Md. 726 (2010).
5
State told the jury in its opening statement that Atkins used the knife found in his bedroom
in the stabbings. Id. at 439, 439 n.4. During cross-examination of a detective who found
the knife in Atkins’s bedroom, defense counsel probed the lack of DNA testing conducted
on the knife. Id. at 440. In his defense case, Atkins testified that, as he was being punched
and kicked during the fight, he took a pocketknife out of his pocket, opened it, and swung
it at his attackers in self-defense. Id. at 438-39.
The trial court granted the State’s request for a CSI-effect jury instruction over
defense objection. The court instructed the jury:
During this trial, you have heard testimony of witnesses and may hear
argument of counsel that the State did not utilize a specific investigative
technique or scientific test. You may consider these facts in deciding whether
the State has met its burden of proof. You should consider all of the evidence
or lack of evidence in deciding whether the defendant is guilty. However, I
instruct you that there is no legal requirement that the State utilize any
specific investigative technique or scientific test to prove its case. Your
responsibility as jurors is to determine whether the State has proven based
upon the evidence the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Id. at 441-42 (emphasis omitted). The jury convicted Atkins of the assault charges, and the
Court of Special Appeals affirmed the convictions, discerning no error in the CSI-effect
jury instruction. See id. at 442.
This Court reversed, concluding that Atkins’s case was distinguishable from Evans.
We observed that, in Evans, the defense “distorted the law” through its extensive
cross-examination concerning the lack of video or audio evidence of the drug purchase, id.
at 451, and through its “robust and vehement closing argument” in which it improperly
suggested that the prosecution was required to produce such evidence. Id. at 450 (quoting
Evans, 174 Md. App. at 570). Whereas, in Evans, the defense’s cross-examination and
6
closing argument made a curative jury instruction proper, see id. at 450-51, in Atkins
defense counsel “merely pointed out” during cross-examination the lack of specific
forensic tests, which made a curative instruction unnecessary. Id. In addition, the
instruction in Evans was improper because it invaded the province of the jury, suggesting
the inferences they should draw from the State’s failure to test the recovered knife for DNA
evidence. Id. at 453-54. However, the Court stated that its “conclusion that the instruction
as given was invalid [was] based on the particular facts in this case,” and explained that it
was “not hold[ing] that an investigative techniques instruction would never be proper.” Id.
at 454. Consistent with Evans, this Court observed that “the key to producing a valid jury
instruction is ensuring that the State is properly held to its burden, and any instruction
regarding what the State must produce in proving its case must be properly related to the
reasonable doubt standard.” Id.
A few months later, in Stabb v. State, this Court again considered a CSI-effect jury
instruction case, and again held that the giving of the instruction constituted reversible
error. 423 Md. at 471-72. Stabb was charged with a third-degree sex offense involving a
minor. See
id. at 457. After the alleged assault was reported to law enforcement, the
authorities did not refer the victim for a Sexual Assault Forensics Exam (“SAFE”).
Id. at
458-59. At trial, Stabb’s defense counsel “argued properly and without undue emphasis the
lack of corroborating physical evidence of the crime, and questioned [two detectives] as to
the likelihood of the existence of such evidence and why a SAFE was not performed, but
did not ‘harp’ impermissibly on the lack of physical evidence in its case-in-chief or during
7
closing arguments.” Id. at 471. Nevertheless, the trial court issued a preemptive CSI-effect
jury instruction.
Id. at 471-72.
This Court held that the use of a preemptive CSI-effect instruction was improper,
again distinguishing Evans. See id. at 471. We noted that, after defense counsel’s
cross-examination of the detectives, “[t]he State responded, during recross-examination of
witnesses and in closing arguments, to defense counsel’s implication regarding the lack of
a SAFE, i.e., why a SAFE was not administered and the unlikelihood that a SAFE, had it
been administered, would have yielded testable DNA or fingerprints.”
Id. at 472. We
observed that “[r]ebuttal by the State was the proper approach.”
Id. However, “[w]hen the
trial judge injected the pertinent instruction into the jury’s calculus, it had more force and
effect than if merely presented by counsel, and could have influenced impermissibly the
drawing by the jury of inferences regarding the absence of physical evidence.”
Id. (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). We concluded:
In giving the “anti-CSI effect” instruction to the jury, the trial court directed
effectively the jurors not to consider the absence of a SAFE or corroborating
physical evidence. The trial court invaded impermissibly the province of the
jury deliberations with the given “anti-CSI effect” instruction under the
circumstances. The “anti-CSI effect” jury instruction given, in the
circumstances of this case, was improper because it relieved the State of its
burden to prove Stabb was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, invaded the
province of the jury, and, thus, violated Stabb’s constitutional right to a fair
trial.
Id. We warned prosecutors that the use of a CSI-effect jury instruction is “fraught with the
potential for reversible error,”
id. at 473, and advised that it should be “confined to
situations where it responds to correction of a preexisting overreaching by the defense, i.e.,
a curative instruction.”
Id.
8
Most recently, this Court decided Taylor v. State, 473 Md. 205 (2021). In Taylor,
we held that the trial court erred by giving a CSI-effect jury instruction sua sponte in
anticipation of a potential defense objection.
Id. at 222, 231. Taylor involved a
complicating factor: Although Taylor’s trial had occurred in 2008, no timely appeal was
filed on his behalf.
Id. at 224. A post-conviction court granted Taylor relief in the form of
a belated appeal more than eight years later. Thus, the case came to this Court as a direct
appeal, rather than on collateral review. See
id. at 224-25. One of the questions presented
to us in Taylor was which law to apply: the law as it existed in 2008 at the time of Taylor’s
trial (i.e., only the dicta from Evans) or the law as it existed at the time we were considering
his belated appeal (i.e., Atkins and Stabb). We did not reach this question, however, because
we held that either way the jury instruction in Taylor’s trial was improper.
Id. at 233-34.
2. CSI-Effect Voir Dire Questions
An alternative iteration of the CSI effect emerged in Maryland courtrooms
concerning voir dire questions. In 2010 in Charles v. State, the State convicted two
defendants of second-degree murder and use of a handgun in the commission of a felony
or crime of violence. 414 Md. 726 (2010). During voir dire, over defense counsel’s
objection, the trial judge asked the jurors: “[I]f you are currently of the opinion or belief
that you cannot convict a defendant without ‘scientific evidence,’ regardless of the other
evidence in the case and regardless of the instructions that I will give you as to the law,
please rise.”
Id. at 730 (emphasis deleted).
This Court held that the trial court erred by using non-neutral language that
suggested the only option was to convict the defendant, without mention of the option to
9
acquit. Id. at 738; see also McFadden v. State,
197 Md. App. 238, 250-51 (2011) (holding
non-neutral CSI-effect voir dire question deprived defendant of right to fair and impartial
jury), abrogated in part on other grounds by State v. Stringfellow,
425 Md. 461 (2012).
Charles did not focus on the appropriateness of the CSI-effect message when posed to the
jury pool during voir dire. Rather, it focused on the appropriateness of non-neutral language
in comments from the bench. See Charles,
414 Md. at 733.
In 2018, the Court of Special Appeals considered a CSI-effect voir dire question in
the context of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. State v. Armstead, 235 Md. App.
392 (2018). After reflecting on Evans, Charles, Atkins, and Stabb, the intermediate
appellate court concluded that trial counsel’s failure to object to a CSI-effect voir dire
question did not amount to ineffective assistance of counsel. The Armstead Court reasoned
that, at the time of Armstead’s trial in 2009, CSI-effect voir dire was permissible, and
arguably even “favored,” under Maryland common law (presumably referring to Evans).
Id. at 406. That being the case, it could not be said that Armstead’s trial counsel fell short
of the professional norms that prevailed at the time. See
id. at 417 (“It is unreasonable to
require trial counsel to see the change that remained beyond the horizon.”).
Equipped with an understanding of the development of CSI-effect case law in
Maryland, we turn now to the CSI-effect voir dire question that the trial court asked in the
present case.
B. McGhee’s Trial and the Contested Voir Dire Question
McGhee’s murder trial went forward in December 2007. During voir dire, the trial
court asked the potential jurors the following question related to the CSI effect:
10
Does any member of this panel believe that the State has got to present
fingerprint evidence, DNA, blood sample evidence, ballistic evidence, any
scientific evidence in order to convince you of the defendant’s guilt? In other
words, do you think the State has a requirement to do that in all cases?
McGhee’s attorney did not object to this question.
After selection of the jurors, the State presented evidence that, on the evening of
March 17, 2007, Keith Dreher was killed by a gunshot to the head outside a Papa Johns
restaurant in Oxon Hill, Maryland.
Detective Paul Dougherty testified that after the shooting, the Assistant Manager of
the restaurant, Jerrone Joyner,3 gave a statement to him, in which Jerrone said that he saw
the shooter and the victim in the restaurant for approximately 20 minutes prior to the
shooting. He also told Detective Dougherty that he would be able to identify the shooter if
he were shown a picture of him. One month later, Detectives Andre Brooks and Michael
Delaney met with Jerrone and presented him a photo array. When Jerrone saw McGhee’s
photograph he asked, “[w]as that the guy?” Detective Delaney responded, “I couldn’t tell
you that. I wasn’t there.” The detectives testified that Jerrone then identified McGhee and
said he was “a hundred percent” certain that McGhee was the shooter.
Jerrone’s testimony at trial differed from that of Detectives Dougherty, Brooks, and
Delaney. Jerrone recalled giving a statement to Detective Dougherty the night of the
shooting, in which he described the shooter. He recalled telling Detective Dougherty that
it was possible he could identify the shooter, but he did not recall telling police that the
3
Because two of the witnesses share the last name Joyner, we will refer to them by
their first names. We mean no disrespect.
11
shooter was in the restaurant before the shooting. Additionally, while Jerrone remembered
identifying McGhee to police, he testified that he only did so because he “knew the other
guys” and did not know McGhee. He also disputed that he made the identification with
certainty. While acknowledging that he saw the barrel of the gun, he said that he did not
get a good look at the shooter and did not see the shooting.
Two other witnesses who were at the Papa Johns restaurant at the time of the
shooting – Shamell Joyner and Demetrius Young – knew McGhee personally. Shamell,
who was working at the Papa Johns on the night of the murder, testified that he saw
McGhee in the restaurant shortly before the shooting. He recalled hearing an argument
going on outside before the gunshot, but he did not know who was arguing or what the
argument was about.
Young testified that he was at the Papa Johns restaurant the night of the shooting
waiting for Shamell to get off work, when he saw McGhee enter the restaurant. Young saw
McGhee ask Dreher for a cigarette before Dreher went outside. He heard a gunshot two
minutes later.
On March 21, 2007, Shamell accompanied Detective Delaney to Martin Luther
King Elementary School in Washington, D.C., where he identified McGhee. After
members of the Prince George’s County Police Department warrant squad identified
themselves to McGhee as police, McGhee ran from them. Detective Wayne Martin saw
McGhee running into a wood line with a gun protruding from McGhee’s clothing. Martin
testified that he lost sight of McGhee for approximately 15 to 30 seconds during the chase.
12
A short time later, Martin apprehended McGhee. McGhee did not have a gun on his person
at that time.
An evidence technician for the Prince George’s County Police Department testified
that he recovered a loaded, “reasonably clean” sawed-off shotgun from underneath leaves
along a fence at the rear of the school on March 21, 2007. Although the gun was submitted
for DNA analysis, there was not sufficient genetic material on it from which to develop a
genetic profile. Similarly, latent fingerprints lifted from the weapon did not contain enough
characteristics for an examination to be conducted. However, Detective Martin testified
that the recovered firearm appeared to be the gun he saw in McGhee’s possession while
McGhee was running.
Susan Lee, a Prince George’s County Police Department firearms examiner,
testified that plastic wadding and shell fragments recovered from Dreher’s body were
consistent with material contained within the cartridges that were loaded in the shotgun at
the time it was recovered on March 21; however, she could not conclude that the recovered
shotgun was the murder weapon.
Finally, the State presented evidence of incriminating statements McGhee made to
police officers on April 5, 2007. Detective Delaney testified that, in the course of McGhee’s
swabbing for DNA on that date, he asked McGhee if he had an attorney. According to
Delaney, McGhee said his family would be wasting their money on an attorney because
the police had the “pump.” Delaney understood this to mean a sawed-off shotgun.
Additionally, Delaney testified that McGhee asked about cooperating with the
investigation and that Delaney said he could not make any promises.
13
McGhee presented an alibi witness, Dayontae Duncan, who testified that McGhee
was with him at a party on the evening of the shooting and that they spent the night at
Duncan’s home. McGhee also testified that he was with Duncan at the time of the shooting
and was not at the Papa Johns restaurant that night. He testified that he ran from the police
on March 21, 2007, because police had “been coming around our neighborhood harassing
young dudes because of the colors we wear,” and he suspected police thought he was
affiliated with a gang. He admitted telling police at the time of the DNA swabbing that he
thought his family was hiring an attorney, but he denied saying the attorney was a waste of
money because the police had “the pump,” and he denied making any other statements to
police during that interaction.
The jury found McGhee guilty of first-degree murder, and he was sentenced to life
in prison on January 18, 2008. The Court of Special Appeals affirmed McGhee’s
conviction on direct appeal, McGhee v. State, Sept. Term, 2007, No. 2827, and this Court
denied McGhee’s petition for certiorari. McGhee v. State, 410 Md. 561 (2009).
C. Post-Conviction Proceeding
On June 10, 2014, McGhee filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief. Defense
counsel later supplemented this petition with additional issues. McGhee contended that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel based on:
1. trial counsel’s failure to object to the trial court’s “CSI-effect” voir
dire question;
2. appellate counsel’s failure to raise the preserved issue that the trial
court erred in admitting testimony about inconclusive forensic
evidence; and
3. trial counsel’s failure to object to incomplete or missing jury
instructions.
14
The post-conviction court held a hearing, at which McGhee’s trial counsel testified.
She explained that “[t]he defense in this case was that Mr. McGhee was not the shooter in
the incident, that he was not present at the place and time in which the decedent was killed.”
Trial counsel did not recall the CSI-effect voir dire question.
On June 11, 2020, the post-conviction court granted McGhee’s petition for
post-conviction relief and ordered a new trial. The court stated that “[a]lthough at the time
of [McGhee’s] trial, the CSI question was allowed, the Court believes the question must
still be analyzed based on its prejudicial effect on the jury.” The post-conviction court
found that, in this case, the lack of scientific evidence was material to the question of
McGhee’s guilt. For this reason, the court held that the failure to object to the CSI-effect
question constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. The post-conviction court also
determined that McGhee’s trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to object
to certain incomplete or missing jury instructions. The court held that McGhee’s appellate
counsel was not ineffective.
The Court of Special Appeals reversed the post-conviction court’s decision with
respect to McGhee’s trial counsel in an unreported opinion. State v. McGhee, Sept. Term
2020, No. 638 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Nov. 30, 2021). The intermediate appellate court
reasoned:
As in Armstead, appellee presented no evidence establishing that the
prevailing professional norm at the time of his trial was to object to “CSI
effect” messages to the venire or jury. Consequently, we conclude that trial
counsel’s failure to object to the trial court’s “CSI effect” voir dire question
in this case was not deficient performance.
15
Slip op. at 12. The Court of Special Appeals also held that the post-conviction court erred
in alternatively granting relief to McGhee based on trial counsel’s failure to object to
missing or incomplete jury instructions. Id. at 13-26.
McGhee petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari, which this Court granted on
March 8, 2022. McGhee v. State, 478 Md. 187 (2022). McGhee presents the following
questions for our review, which we have rephrased slightly:4
1. Do Charles v. State, 414 Md. 726 (2010), Atkins v. State,
421 Md. 434
(2011), and Stabb v. State, 423 Md. 454 (2011), which concern the
propriety of CSI-effect voir dire questions and jury instructions, apply to
cases that became final before those decisions were issued?
2. Did McGhee’s trial counsel render ineffective assistance of counsel
when, at McGhee’s 2007 trial, she failed to object to a CSI-effect voir
dire question?
II
Standard of Review
“This Court reviews ‘a post-conviction court’s findings regarding ineffective
assistance of counsel [a]s a mixed question of law and fact. The factual findings of the
post-conviction court are reviewed for clear error. The legal conclusions, however, are
reviewed de novo.’” Wallace v. State, 475 Md. 639, 653 (2021) (quoting State v. Syed,
463
Md. 60, 73 (2019)).
4
McGhee did not seek further review of the portion of the Court of Special Appeals’
opinion which held that trial counsel’s failure to object with respect to several jury
instructions did not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. Therefore, we consider
only whether counsel’s failure to object to the CSI-effect voir dire question violated
McGhee’s right to effective assistance of counsel.
16
III
Discussion
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 21 of the
Maryland Declaration of Rights guarantee criminal defendants the right to “effective
assistance of counsel.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 686 (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted); Taylor v. State,
428 Md. 386, 399 (2012). To meet their burden on
an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a petitioner must make two showings. First, the
petitioner “must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. This requires showing that
counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed
the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense.” Taylor,
428 Md. at 399 (quoting Strickland,
466 U.S.
at 687).
Under the first, “performance” prong, a defendant must show that “counsel’s alleged
acts or omissions, … ‘viewed as of the time of counsel’s conduct,’ fell ‘outside the wide
range of professionally competent assistance.’” Taylor, 428 Md. at 399 (quoting Strickland,
466 U.S. at 690). Under the second, “prejudice” prong, a defendant must show “that there
is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.”
Id. at 399-400 (quoting Strickland,
466 U.S. at
694).
McGhee argues that his trial counsel’s failure to object to a CSI-effect voir dire
question violated both the performance prong and prejudice prong of the Strickland test.
McGhee contends that Charles, Atkins, and Stabb apply retroactively to cases on collateral
17
review. According to McGhee, with the benefit of the Atkins/Charles/Stabb trilogy of
CSI-effect cases, it is clear both that his counsel’s failure to object to the CSI-effect voir
dire question was deficient performance and that this error prejudiced him because an
appellate court would have reversed his conviction under Charles, Atkins, and Stabb.
McGhee alternatively argues that, even if the Court considers only the CSI-effect case law
that existed at the time of his trial – i.e., Evans – his counsel should have extrapolated from
Evans that it was necessary to object to the CSI-effect voir dire question that the trial court
put to the potential jurors.
The State argues that McGhee’s retroactivity argument is incompatible with an
analysis of the performance prong under Strickland, which requires a reviewing court to
consider counsel’s acts or omissions at the time of the contested conduct, not with the
benefit of hindsight. According to the State, that analysis leads to the conclusion that
McGhee’s trial counsel acted consistently with the professional norms that existed at the
time of McGhee’s trial in late 2007.
We agree with the State.
A. The Issue of Retroactivity
The retroactivity doctrine in criminal law considers whether a change in law should
be applied to a conviction that occurred before the change. See Wiggins v. State, 275 Md.
689, 698-99 (1975) (describing the “genesis of the modern retroactivity doctrine”). When
confronted with a question of whether a new case applies retroactively, this Court’s
precedent considers whether a new decision sets out a “new principle of law.” State v.
Daughtry,
419 Md. 35, 78 (2011) (quoting Houghton v. Cnty. Comm’rs of Kent Cnty., 307
18
Md. 216, 220 (1986)); Denisyuk v. State,
422 Md. 462 (2011), abrogated on other grounds
by Miller v. State,
435 Md. 174 (2013). When the decision announces a new principle of
law, it does not necessarily apply retroactively. See Daughtry,
419 Md. at 78. In contrast,
“where a decision has applied settled precedent to new and different factual situations, the
decision always applies retroactively.” Potts v. State,
300 Md. 567, 577 (1984) (citation
omitted).
The Supreme Court has not explicitly addressed whether the principle of
retroactivity may be applied within an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, such that a
new rule of law would render counsel’s conduct defective even if the conduct was
reasonable and appropriate at the time. McGhee asks this Court to dive into the substance
of this analysis and determine whether Charles, Atkins, and Stabb applied settled precedent
to new facts or announced a new principle of law. Thus, McGhee implicitly asks this Court
to conclude that such an application of retroactivity principles is compatible with a
Strickland analysis. For the reasons set out below, we conclude it is not.
Strickland’s performance prong requires this Court to assess trial counsel’s
performance based on prevailing professional norms at the time of the contested conduct.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689-90. At the outset, this appears incompatible with the notion of
retroactivity.
McGhee disclaims that he is asking this Court to judge his trial counsel’s conduct
based on future case law. Instead, McGhee suggests the practical effect of applying these
cases retroactively in an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is only that a
post-conviction court can assume the direct appeal would have been successful. Applied
19
here, McGhee argues, the Court of Special Appeals on direct review of McGhee’s
conviction would have held that the failure to object to a CSI-effect voir dire question was
reversible error, had it had the benefit of Charles, Atkins, and Stabb. It necessarily follows
(according to McGhee) that his counsel provided constitutionally deficient performance.
McGhee’s argument thus verges into the second Strickland prong, the prejudice
prong. McGhee argues this is appropriate when evaluating trial counsel’s failure to
preserve an issue for appeal. In such a situation, the “performance and prejudice prongs
naturally overlap because the questions of whether counsel’s performance was adequate
and whether it prejudiced the petitioner both will turn on the viability of the omitted
claims.” Gross v. State, 371 Md. 334, 350 (2002).
However, it does not follow from Gross that we consider “the viability of the
omitted claims” based on case law that did not exist at the time of the attorney’s challenged
performance. To the contrary, doing so is inconsistent with Strickland. McGhee has
identified no post-Strickland precedent of the Supreme Court or this Court that would
countenance such an application of the Strickland test.
The Supreme Court’s decision in Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364 (1993), informs
our analysis. In Fretwell, a defendant received a death sentence based on an aggravating
circumstance (murder committed for pecuniary gain),
id. at 366, which was improper under
then-existing law because the aggravating circumstance was also an element of the
underlying crime. Collins v. Lockhart,
754 F.2d 258, 265 (8th Cir. 1985) (holding such
“double counting” was impermissible), overruled in Perry v. Lockhart,
871 F.2d 1384 (8th
Cir. 1989). By the time the defendant brought his habeas corpus petition alleging
20
ineffective assistance of counsel, Collins had been overruled by Perry. Fretwell, 506 U.S.
at 368. Thus, the Supreme Court considered which law the federal district court should
have applied to an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on collateral review: the law as
it existed at the time of Fretwell’s trial (Collins) or the law as it existed when Fretwell’s
post-conviction petition was filed (Perry). Notably, the parties had agreed that trial
counsel’s conduct was deficient under Strickland’s performance prong, so the Court’s
inquiry was focused solely on the prejudice prong.
Id. at 369 n.1.
The Supreme Court held that defense counsel’s failure to object to the pecuniary
gain aggravating factor did not prejudice the defendant, even if the objection would have
been meritorious at the time of the trial and direct appeal. The Court distinguished between
the performance and prejudice prongs of the Strickland test for purposes of its analysis:
Respondent argues that the use of hindsight is inappropriate in
determining “prejudice” under Strickland, and that this element should be
determined under the laws existing at the time of trial. For support, he relies
upon language used in Strickland in discussing the first part of the necessary
showing—deficient performance. We held that in order to determine whether
counsel performed below the level expected from a reasonably competent
attorney, it is necessary to “judge ... counsel’s challenged conduct on the
facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s conduct.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690,
104 S.Ct. at 2066.
Ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims will be raised only in those
cases where a defendant has been found guilty of the offense charged, and
from the perspective of hindsight there is a natural tendency to speculate as
to whether a different trial strategy might have been more successful. We
adopted the rule of contemporary assessment of counsel’s conduct because a
more rigid requirement “could dampen the ardor and impair the
independence of defense counsel, discourage the acceptance of assigned
cases, and undermine the trust between attorney and client.” Ibid. But the
“prejudice” component of the Strickland test does not implicate these
concerns. It focuses on the question whether counsel’s deficient performance
renders the result of the trial unreliable or the proceeding fundamentally
21
unfair. Unreliability or unfairness does not result if the ineffectiveness of
counsel does not deprive the defendant of any substantive or procedural right
to which the law entitles him. As we have noted, it was the premise of our
grant in this case that Perry was correctly decided, i.e., that respondent was
not entitled to an objection based on “double counting.” Respondent
therefore suffered no prejudice from his counsel’s deficient performance.
Id. at 371-72 (citation omitted). The Fretwell Court’s reiteration of the importance of
contemporaneous assessment of counsel’s conduct under the performance prong is
significant. See also Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 391 (2000) (observing that Fretwell
did not “modif[y] or in some way supplant[] the rule set down in Strickland”).
McGhee relies on dicta in Allen v. State, 204 Md. App. 701 (2012), to support the
applicability of a retroactivity analysis in this context. The Allen Court considered whether
the Atkins and Stabb holdings applied to cases that were pending on direct appeal at the
time Atkins and Stabb were decided.
Id. at 706. The intermediate appellate court answered
this question affirmatively.
Id. at 721-22. McGhee focuses on dicta in Allen which
suggested – based on Denisyuk – that Atkins and Stabb also would apply retroactively to
cases on collateral review:
In Denisyuk, a post conviction appeal, the Court of Appeals concluded
that the Supreme Court’s decision in Padilla v. Kentucky, ––– U.S. –––, 130
S.Ct. 1473,
176 L.Ed.2d 284 (2010), that defense counsel is constitutionally
ineffective by failing to advise a criminal defendant that deportation is a
likely consequence of a guilty pleas, applied settled principles to new factual
situations, and thus, it applied to convictions that were final. 422 Md. at
481-82, 30 A.3d 914…. The Denisyuk analysis and result appears to be
applicable to Atkins and Stabb.
Id. at 723.
We disagree with this dictum in Allen to the extent it might be thought to apply to
an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. The potential application of Charles, Atkins, and
22
Stabb retroactively is inconsistent with a proper analysis under Strickland’s performance
prong. Adopting McGhee’s argument, in practice, would require attorneys not only to
comply with prevailing professional norms of the time, but also to predict future
developments in case law. Neither the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution
nor Article 21 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights imposes such a requirement on
counsel. See, e.g., Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690; State v. Calhoun,
306 Md. 692, 735 (1986)
(“There was no duty on counsel to foresee that we might hold as we held in [future]
case[s].”); State v. Davis,
249 Md. App. 217, 230 (2021) (post-conviction court erred in
applying this Court’s 2014 holding in Pearson v. State,
437 Md. 350 (2014), retroactively
when assessing trial counsel’s performance in 2007); Toledo v. United States,
581 F.3d
678, 681 (8th Cir. 2009) (“Counsel is not accountable for unknown future changes in the
law.”). We do not read Denisyuk as holding otherwise.5 Accordingly, we decline McGhee’s
request to apply Charles, Atkins, and Stabb in assessing the performance prong of
McGhee’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim.6
5
Notably, this Court abrogated Denisyuk in Miller v. State, 435 Md. 174 (2013),
following the Supreme Court’s holding in Chaidez v. United States,
568 U.S. 342 (2013),
that Padilla v. Kentucky does not apply retroactively to cases on collateral review. In any
event, we agree with the analysis of Denisyuk that the State provided in its brief: “The issue
in Denisyuk was not that defense counsel should have predicted Padilla’s holding about
what constitutes ineffective assistance – it was that defense counsel should have known
that Denisyuk’s plea would subject him to deportation under statutory law that was
perfectly clear at the time of the plea…. [Denisyuk] does not involve whether counsel is
ineffective for failing to predict future legal developments.”
6
Because we conclude that a retroactivity analysis is inapplicable in this context,
we do not decide whether Charles, Atkins, and Stabb articulated a new principle of law or
applied settled precedent to new facts.
23
B. Application of the Strickland Test to Trial Counsel’s Failure to Object to the
CSI-Effect Voir Dire Question at McGhee’s Trial
The right to effective assistance of counsel aims to ensure a fair trial. As such, the
“benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness must be whether counsel’s conduct
so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be
relied on as having produced a just result.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686.
The petitioner bears the burden to overcome the presumption of effective assistance
of counsel by satisfying both prongs of the Strickland test. Failure to prove either of the
two Strickland prongs is fatal to the claim. State v. Syed, 463 Md. 60, 75 (2019) (citing
Strickland,
466 U.S. at 687). As explained below, we hold that McGhee failed to meet his
burden to prove that his trial counsel’s failure to object to a CSI-effect voir dire question
in 2007 fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Because McGhee has not
satisfied the first prong of the Strickland test, we decline to address the question of
prejudice.
When scrutinizing counsel’s conduct, “a court must indulge a strong presumption
that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. A “fair assessment of attorney performance requires” a court
to “reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the
conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time,” considering all the surrounding
circumstances. Newton v. State,
455 Md. 341, 355 (2017) (quoting Strickland,
466 U.S. at
689). In conducting this analysis, the court “must be highly deferential” and take care to
avoid “the distorting effects of hindsight.” Strickland,
466 U.S. at 689.
24
As McGhee bears the burden to overcome the presumption of reasonableness, we
now consider the arguments and evidence he presented: (1) that any reasonable attorney
should have extrapolated from Evans the need to object to a CSI-effect voir dire question;
(2) that McGhee’s trial counsel acted contrary to her express trial strategy; and (3) that
other objective indicia indicate counsel’s conduct was objectively unreasonable. We
conclude that, under the totality of the circumstances, McGhee has failed to meet his
burden to overcome the presumption of effective assistance of counsel.
1. Case Law in 2007
First, McGhee directs our attention to the only reported opinion at the time of
McGhee’s trial in 2007, Evans v. State.7 As discussed above, in Evans the Court of Special
Appeals in dicta discerned no error in the trial court’s instruction to the jury that “there is
no legal requirement that the State utilize any specific investigative technique or scientific
test to prove its case.” Evans, 174 Md. App. at 562, 570. This opinion, notably, did not use
the phrase “CSI effect.” Yet McGhee contends that any reasonable attorney should have
extrapolated from Evans that they were required to object to a CSI-effect voir dire question.
We disagree.
In order to satisfy McGhee’s standard of objectively reasonable representation, an
attorney in December 2007 would have to have been familiar with the budding controversy
surrounding CSI-effect jury instructions. They would have to have been aware of the one
Court of Special Appeals opinion from May 2007 that touched on the CSI effect, but
7
The Court of Special Appeals issued its opinion in Evans on May 3, 2007.
McGhee’s trial occurred in December 2007.
25
without referring to it as the “CSI effect.” Assuming they were familiar with the Evans
opinion, the attorney would have to have looked past the fact that the Evans Court upheld
the CSI-effect jury instruction in that case. They also would have to have looked past the
fact that the intermediate appellate court’s discussion of this issue was dicta. From there,
they would have to have extrapolated that dicta related to jury instructions also applied to
voir dire questions. We do not believe it is reasonable to expect an attorney in December
2007 to have made all of these connections.
However, McGhee notes that defense counsel in Charles objected to a similar voir
dire question in a trial that occurred at approximately the same time as McGhee’s trial.
McGhee contends that his trial counsel therefore should have known to object as well.
While Charles’s attorney apparently had the knowledge and foresight in December 2007
to object to a CSI-effect voir dire question, we are not prepared to say that dicta in Evans
set a “prevailing professional norm,” such that the failure to object rendered McGhee’s
counsel’s performance constitutionally deficient in late 2007. As the Court of Special
Appeals noted in Armstead, merely showing that some attorneys were objecting and others
were not does not establish a prevailing professional norm. See Armstead, 235 Md. App.
at 422-23.
The logical conclusion of McGhee’s argument is that any attorney who failed to
object to a CSI-effect message between the time Evans was decided in 2007 and 2010,
when this Court decided Atkins, provided constitutionally deficient representation.
McGhee attempts to avoid this “floodgate” effect by pointing this Court to McGhee’s
26
post-conviction hearing, in which his trial counsel testified about her trial strategy. We
consider this argument next.
2. Trial Counsel’s Strategy
During the post-conviction hearing, McGhee’s trial counsel testified that the defense
at trial was that “Mr. McGhee was not the shooter in the incident, that he was not present
at the place and time in which the decedent was killed.” McGhee contends it was clear that
a voir dire question that insinuated the State need not present forensic evidence to obtain a
conviction undermined his defense counsel’s express trial strategy. Thus, McGhee argues,
even if it was not generally a professional norm at the time to object to a CSI-effect voir
dire question, his attorney should have recognized that the CSI-effect voir dire question the
trial court put to McGhee’s potential jurors might prejudice McGhee.
However, trial counsel’s theory of the case that McGhee was not the perpetrator
does not change matters. Trial counsel’s testimony at the post-conviction hearing does not
overcome the presumption that her conduct fell within “the wide range of professionally
competent assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. As discussed above, Evans would have
led a reasonably competent attorney to believe that an objection to the voir dire question at
issue would not have been meritorious. See Armstead,
235 Md. App. at 406 (explaining
that, at the time of Armstead’s trial in 2009, CSI-effect voir dire was permissible, and
arguably even “favored,” under Maryland law).8
8
At oral argument, McGhee contended that counsel’s objection to a jury instruction
concerning specific investigative techniques demonstrates that she knew or should have
known CSI-effect messages were problematic in voir dire. However, counsel objected to
the specific investigative techniques jury instruction not based on the contention that it
27
In response, McGhee argues that, separate and apart from Evans, other objective
indicia lead to the conclusion that a reasonably competent attorney in 2007 should have
known to object to a CSI-effect voir dire question. We now consider that contention.
3. Other Objective Indicia
Although there were no Maryland cases in 2007 that would have suggested that
CSI-effect voir dire questions were inappropriate, McGhee may attempt to meet his burden
to show that his counsel’s performance violated professional norms by directing our
attention to other sources, such as news articles and scholarly articles, to the extent such
sources shed light on the general consciousness of defense counsel in 2007. In Charles,
this Court conducted a review of the state of literature and case law related to the CSI effect
in and around 2007. 414 Md. at 731-32. Of the articles the Charles Court located, only one
law review article and two news articles were published before McGhee’s trial. See Cynthia
Di Pasquale, Beyond the Smoking Gun, THE DAILY REC. (Sept. 7, 2006), available at
https://perma.cc/Y2G8-LX52 (noting a potential danger to prosecutors, while observing
that “[d]efense attorneys don’t seem to know what all the fuss is about”); Andrew P.
Thomas, The CSI Effect: Fact or Fiction, 115 YALE L.J. POCKET PART 70 (2006)
(advocating that “judges acknowledge the CSI effect and take steps during voir dire to
prevent biased jurors from improperly influencing the jury”); Jeffrey Toobin, The CSI
would relieve the State of its burden of proof, but rather because the trial court had ruled
that the State would be permitted to introduce expert testimony concerning DNA evidence,
and therefore the instruction was not warranted under the circumstances.
28
Effect: The Truth About Forensic Science, The New Yorker (May 7, 2007), available at
https://perma.cc/2NCV-U2EJ (criticizing forensic inductive sciences in general).
These articles do little to advance McGhee’s argument. First, they show that
Maryland defense attorneys in 2006 did not view the CSI effect as a problem, as they did
not “seem to know what all the fuss [was] about.” Second, if the CSI effect was generally
known to any extent, it was understood to be a phenomenon that harms prosecutors, not
defendants.
The Court of Special Appeals concluded in Armstead that it was not a prevailing
professional norm at the time of Armstead’s trial in March 2009 to object to CSI-effect
voir dire questions. We find Armstead’s reasoning on this point to be persuasive. It follows
that it was not a professional norm to object to a CSI-effect voir dire question when
McGhee went to trial in December 2007, 15 months earlier.
In sum, we conclude that McGhee’s counsel performed within the accepted
professional norms of 2007, which did not require objecting to the CSI-effect voir dire
question in this case. Thus, McGhee’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel fails on
the performance prong, and we need not address McGhee’s arguments concerning the
prejudice prong.
IV
Conclusion
Because McGhee’s trial occurred in December 2007, we do not assess his counsel’s
performance under Charles, Atkins, and Stabb, which were all decided in the years that
followed. McGhee failed to demonstrate that, under the professional norms that existed at
29
the time of his trial, his attorney provided constitutionally deficient representation by
failing to object to a CSI-effect voir dire question. Thus, the post-conviction court erred in
determining that McGhee received ineffective assistance of counsel.
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED; COSTS
TO BE PAID BY PETITIONER.
30
