Izard v. Arndt’s Empirical Analysis
1980
Citation profile
6 federal appellate · 1 district · 1 state decisions
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1982 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 1988 · 42 U.S.C. § 3603 (§ 803 of the Fair Housing Act (Title VIII, Civil Rights Act of 1968)) · 42 U.S.C. § 3604 (§ 804 of the Fair Housing Act (Title VIII, Civil Rights Act of 1968)) · 42 U.S.C. § 3617 (§ 818 of the Fair Housing Act (Title VIII, Civil Rights Act of 1968))
Relies on Alyeska Pipeline Service Company v. Wilderness Society · Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission · Rodriguez v. New York · Fey v. Walston & Co. · Robert Fitzsimmons v. Robert Best, Robert Fitzsimmons v. Jersey State Bank and Godfrey State Bank
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 12 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“As a matter of well-settled agency law, a principal may be held liable for the discriminatory acts of his agent if such acts are within the scope of the agent’s apparent authority, even if the principal neither authorized nor ratified the acts. In cases of racial discrimination in housing under both 42 U.S.C. § 1982 and 42 U.S.C. § 3604 , the courts have imputed the wrongful acts of a real estate sales or rental agent to the property owner he is representing regardless of whether the owner specifically authorized the agent to engage in racial discrimination. The principal owner’s liability is unaffected by the fact that the person committing the discriminatory acts in the course of disposing of the property is a relative or a neighbor rather than a professional real estate agent.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.