Smith v. State

 (1963), and had failed to do so prior to trial.

       Before retrial in the circuit court, Smith filed a motion to dismiss the charges

alleging due process and double jeopardy violations. Although the circuit court concluded

that the State had failed to disclose potentially exculpatory evidence prior to trial, the circuit

court denied the motion to dismiss, finding that the State’s failure did not satisfy the criteria

for dismissal.

       After the circuit court’s denial of the motion to dismiss, Smith and the State entered

into a plea agreement in which Smith was permitted to enter a conditional plea pursuant to
Maryland Rule 4-242(d)1 and North Carolina v. Alford,

400 U.S. 25

 (1970),2 to First

Degree Felony Murder and Daytime Housebreaking in exchange for the State’s agreement

to a suspended sentence and probation, i.e., a sentence of time served, as the appropriate

sentence in the case. Under the terms of the plea agreement, Smith was permitted to not

admit guilt and to preserve his right to appeal the circuit court’s denial of his motion to

dismiss. The parties agreed that Smith would withdraw his pending interlocutory appeal

of the motion to dismiss before the Appellate Court of Maryland3 and that Smith could file

a notice of appeal and pursue an appeal of the judgment and sentence imposed by the circuit

court pursuant to the conditional Alford plea, including the circuit court’s denial of the

motion to dismiss. The agreement was memorialized in an 18-page document titled

“Agreement and Proffer Statement in Support of Conditional Alford Plea Under Md.

Criminal Rule 4-242(d) Preserving Rights to Appeal Determination of Any Pre-trial




       1
          Maryland Rule 4-242(d) permits a defendant to enter a conditional guilty plea,
“[w]ith the consent of the court and the State,” while allowing the defendant to “reserve
the right to appeal one or more issues specified in the plea[.]” Md. Rule 4-242(d)(2). Any
issue so reserved must have been “raised by and determined adversely to the defendant,”
and its resolution “in the defendant’s favor would have been dispositive of the case.”

Id.

        2
          Under Alford, a defendant can enter a guilty plea that contains a “protestation of
innocence.” Bishop v. State,

417 Md. 1, 19-20

7 A.3d 1074, 1085

 (2010) (cleaned up).
With an Alford plea, a defendant maintains innocence but “agrees to a proffer of stipulated
evidence or to an agreed statement of facts that provides a factual basis for a finding of
guilt.” Franklin v. State,

470 Md. 154

, 168 n.1,

235 A.3d 1

, 8 n.1 (2020) (citation omitted);
see also Md. Rule 4-242(c) (“The court may accept the plea of guilty even though the
defendant does not admit guilt.”).
3
At the November 8, 2022 general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a
constitutional amendment changing the name of the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland
to the Appellate Court of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022.

-2-
Motions to Date[,]” in which the parties agreed to a proffer of facts, and the State

acknowledged that it had.

The Appellate Court affirmed the circuit court’s denial of Smith’s motion to dismiss,

and Smith filed a petition for writ of certiorari, which we granted. Before this Court, as it

did in the Appellate Court, the State agrees with Smith that its conduct did not comport

with principles of due process and that “the only appropriate remedy is dismissal of the

charges.”

Despite the agreement of the parties that the only remedy is dismissal of the charges,

given that as a result of the conditional plea agreement, the new trial ordered by this Court

did not take place and although the conditional plea agreement entered into by the parties

contains a proffer with respect to the evidence, it is not possible for this Court to assess

with any confidence beyond mere speculation what the evidence might have consisted of

at retrial. As a result, it is not possible for this Court to meaningfully evaluate whether

Smith has suffered irreparable prejudice for which dismissal of the charges is the only

feasible remedy. This Court, therefore, declines to address the merits of the Appellate

Court’s decision affirming the circuit court’s denial of the motion to dismiss.

Rather, we vacate the judgment of the Appellate Court and remand the case to that

Court with instructions to remand the case to the Circuit Court for Talbot County with

instructions that the circuit court vacate its denial of the motion to dismiss. Smith shall be

allowed, if he chooses, to withdraw his conditional Alford plea, thereby leaving the parties

in the same posture as they were before the circuit court’s denial of Smith’s motion to

dismiss and the parties’ entry into the conditional plea agreement. As such, the remand

-3-
that this Court ordered for retrial in Faulkner v. State; Smith v. State,

 (2020),4 would remain in effect unless the State elects, consistent with its position

in this Court, not to prosecute.

                                      BACKGROUND

       In 2001, a jury found Smith guilty of the 1987 murder of Adeline Wilford and the

burglary of her home.5 See Smith,

468 Md. at 425-426

227 A.3d at 588-89

. In an

unreported opinion, the Appellate Court of Maryland remanded the case for a hearing on

Smith’s motion for a new trial.6 See Jonathan D. Smith v. State of Maryland, No. 688,

Sept. Term, 2001 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Jan. 17, 2002). This Court affirmed. See Smith v.

State,

371 Md. 496, 498

810 A.2d 449, 450

 (2002). Following remand, the Appellate

Court affirmed Smith’s convictions in an unreported opinion. See Jonathan D. Smith v.

State of Maryland, No. 1184, Sept. Term, 2003 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Nov. 4, 2004).

       In 2005, Smith sought post-conviction relief, which the circuit court denied in 2009.

See Smith v. State,

233 Md. App. 372, 391

165 A.3d 561, 572

 (2017). The Appellate

Court “subsequently denied his application for leave to appeal” in an unreported opinion.


       4
          Although our decision in the case is normally cited as “Faulkner” pursuant to rules
of citation, because this Court decided the cases of Smith and his codefendant, David R.
Faulkner, in one opinion, we depart from that approach here as we are only concerned with
Smith’s present request for review. Hereinafter, we shall refer to our 2020 decision as
Smith,

.
        5
          This Court provided a full recounting of the facts of this case, including the State’s
misconduct, in Smith,

468 Md. at 427-59

227 A.3d at 589-608

, which we adopt and
incorporate herein.
        6
          Smith had argued that the State improperly withheld “exculpatory DNA evidence”
from the defense, “specifically that DNA analysis of debris taken from under the victim’s
fingernails was not a match for” Smith or his codefendants. Smith v. State,

233 Md. App. 372, 390

165 A.3d 561, 571

 (2017).

                                           -4-

Id. at 391

165 A.3d at 572

 (citing Jonathan D. Smith, Sr. v. State of Maryland, No. 850,

Sept. Term, 2009 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. June 9, 2010)).

       In 2013, after recordings of conversations between then-Corporal John Bollinger of

the Maryland State Police and Beverly Haddaway, Smith’s aunt and a key witness for the

State at trial, were disclosed, Smith filed a motion to reopen his post-conviction

proceedings. See Smith,

468 Md. at 444

227 A.3d at 599

. In 2015, Smith filed a petition

for a writ of actual innocence, contending that three pieces of newly discovered evidence—

improperly withheld by the State—spoke to his innocence, could not have been discovered

earlier, and created a substantial possibility that the end result of the trial may have been

different. See

id. at 445, 459-60

227 A.3d at 600, 608

; see also Md. Code Ann., Crim.

Proc. (2001, 2008 Repl. Vol., 2014 Supp.) § 8-301. The pieces of evidence in question

were (1) the matching of palm prints from the victim’s home, recovered immediately after

the murder, to a different person, Ty Brooks, identified as a potential suspect 7 years prior

to Smith’s arrest; (2) recordings of conversations between Bollinger and Haddaway,

discussing her interest in testifying in the case in exchange for an agreement by the State

not to prosecute her grandson on then-pending drug charges;8 and (3) statements by a

witness that he saw a car other than the victim’s outside the victim’s house around the time


       7
         We described the evidence of an alternative perpetrator in this case as “compelling”
due to the palm prints and other evidence that was available to police a decade prior to the
investigation of Smith. See Smith,

468 Md. at 468-71

227 A.3d at 613-15

.
       8
         The recordings documented “Haddaway’s professed willingness to alter her
testimony based on whether the State would dismiss the drug charges against her
grandson[,]” including threats to “destroy the case” if her demands were not met and
“several important irregularities in the State’s handling of the cases” against Smith and
Faulkner. Smith,

468 Md. at 475-77

227 A.3d at 617-19

.

                                          -5-
of the murder, which was inconsistent with the State’s theory of Smith’s involvement in

the crime. See Smith,

468 Md. at 431, 444-45

227 A.3d at 591, 599-600

.

       The motion to reopen and the actual innocence petition were consolidated for an

evidentiary hearing, and the circuit court denied the motion and the petition. See

id. at 445, 454

227 A.3d at 600, 605

. The Appellate Court subsequently reversed the circuit court’s

judgment, remanded the actual innocence petition to the circuit court, and ordered the

circuit court to reopen Smith’s motion for post-conviction relief. See

id. at 454-55

227 A.3d at 605


       In 2018, on remand, the circuit court held a hearing and again denied Smith’s actual

innocence petition. See

id. at 455, 459

227 A.3d at 606, 608

. On appeal, the Appellate

Court affirmed the circuit court in an unreported opinion. See Jonathan D. Smith v. State

of Maryland, No. 619, Sept. Term, 2018,

2019 WL 2369903

, *1-2 (Md. Ct. Spec. App.

June 3, 2019). In 2020, this Court vacated the Appellate Court’s decision and ordered that

Smith’s petition be granted and that he be given a new trial. See Smith,

468 Md. at 480

. We held that “there is a substantial or significant possibility that, if the

jur[y] had heard the newly discovered evidence along with the evidence that actually was

presented . . . they would have reached a different result[.]”

Id. at 479

.

However, we did “not exonerate” Smith because of his “confessed involvement” and the

“relatively consistent account” of his codefendant, Ray Andrews, who cooperated with the

State.

Id. at 426, 479

227 A.3d at 588, 620

.




                                           -6-
       On remand, in July 2020, Smith filed a motion to dismiss in the circuit court.9 Smith

contended that the State’s willful misconduct violated his due process rights to such a

degree that dismissal of the criminal information and indictment was the appropriate

remedy and that the retrial would constitute double jeopardy.

                 Ruling of the Circuit Court on the Motion to Dismiss

       On January 7, 2021, the circuit court denied Smith’s motion on both grounds.10 The

circuit court concluded that despite the “troubling” conduct by the State, it was not criminal

and did “not shock the conscience of the court.” The court distinguished the State’s

conduct in the case from cases cited by Smith in support of dismissal, which involved

“egregious” and “criminal” conduct by government actors. The court determined that a

new trial was the appropriate remedy. After describing Smith’s original trial strategy as

contending that Haddaway was “thoroughly dishonest” and “not credible[,]” the court

reasoned that if the case were retried “on the same evidence that was adduced at the original

trial,” the State’s withholding of the information about the conversations and deal with

Haddaway “would certainly move the needle toward” a finding that Smith “would not have

the opportunity to have a fair trial.” But the circuit court characterized Smith’s new defense

as a departure from his original strategy, focused instead on the alternative perpetrator

argument, which, the court ruled, could potentially lessen the impact of the recordings,


       9
        The State did not seek a retrial of Faulkner, and instead placed his case on the stet
docket, which indefinitely postponed trial of the charges, although the charges could have
been “rescheduled for trial at the request of either party within one year and thereafter only
by order of court for good cause shown.” Md. Rule 4-248(a).
       10
          Because we did not grant Smith’s petition for a writ of certiorari on the double
jeopardy question, we do not address that aspect of the circuit court’s ruling.

                                           -7-
because his defense “does not depend on simply refuting” Haddaway’s testimony. The

court did “not discount the confrontation issues that relate to any hearsay testimony that

the State might try to adduce[,]” but cautioned that it “must also be careful not to

presuppose the disposition of any evidentiary matter until [] asked[.]”

       The circuit court added that this line of reasoning served to distinguish the present

case from United States v. Fitzgerald,

615 F.Supp.2d 1156

(S.D. Cal. 2009), a case cited

by Smith. The court ruled that “there is a significant body of evidence that” likely would

be presented and that the State could foreseeably “rely on evidence other than the testimony

that [] Haddaway would give.” The court also ruled that the new trial was “an opportunity

to vindicate the evils of the first trial” and therefore did “not trigger the double jeopardy

clause.” (Citation omitted).

Conditional Plea Agreement

On April 20, 2021, the State and Smith informed the circuit court that they had

reached an agreement for Smith to enter a conditional Alford plea, preserving for appeal

the issue of the circuit court’s denial of Smith’s motion to dismiss.11 The proposed plea

agreement included an extensive proffer regarding the evidence that could be presented at

retrial, which the parties agreed was established as the record “for the purpose of

consideration of the Defendant’s Appeal[.]” The agreement stated that Smith maintained

his innocence and that his “decision to enter into this plea is based upon his view that his

11
The agreement indicated that Smith would withdraw the interlocutory appeal that
he had noted on January 26, 2021, challenging the circuit court’s denial of his motion. In
accordance with the agreement, Smith withdrew the interlocutory appeal and it was
dismissed by the Appellate Court on April 28, 2021.

-8-
ability to present a full defense at any retrial has been permanently prejudiced” and his

view that “the State’s intentional, willful, and/or reckless misconduct” meant that “he can

no longer obtain a fair trial in this case.” For its part, the State did not concede Smith’s

argument regarding due process and irreparable prejudice, but acknowledged that the State

had “intentionally, willfully, and/or recklessly suppressed exculpatory evidence including,

but not limited to,” the recordings of Bollinger’s conversations with Haddaway, the deal

with Haddaway, possible collusion between Haddaway and Andrews’s counsel, and

misrepresentation of the exculpatory DNA evidence. Both parties agreed “that

Haddaway’s testimony would not be admissible at any retrial in the State’s case in chief[.]”

After a hearing on the plea agreement, the circuit court found a sufficient factual

basis to support a finding of guilt on the charges of first-degree murder and daytime

housebreaking. Per the agreement, the court imposed a sentence of life imprisonment,

entirely suspended except for time served, and placed Smith on a period of supervised

probation for five years. Smith appealed, contending that the circuit court erred in denying

his motion to dismiss the charges.

Opinion of the Appellate Court of Maryland

On September 28, 2022, the Appellate Court of Maryland affirmed the circuit

court’s judgment. See Smith, 255 Md. App. at 549, 283 A.3d at 725. On appeal, the

Attorney General—reversing the State’s Attorney’s stance before the circuit court—joined

Smith in arguing that “the circuit court’s judgment denying the motion to dismiss on due

-9-
process grounds should be vacated and the charges dismissed.”12 Smith, 255 Md. App. at

568, 283 A.3d at 737. However, the Appellate Court concluded that it was not bound by

the Attorney General’s concession of error by the circuit court because Smith’s argument

presented a question of law. See Smith, 255 Md. App. at 568-69, 283 A.3d at 737 (citing

Spencer v. Md. State Bd. of Pharm.,

380 Md. 515, 523

846 A.2d 341, 345-46

 (2004)).

       The Appellate Court first determined that the “law of the case doctrine” did not

preclude it from considering Smith’s contention that due process and double jeopardy

concerns barred his retrial because this Court’s 2020 decision in Smith “did not address the

issues[.]” Smith, 255 Md. App. at 569, 283 A.3d at 737. The Appellate Court explained

that Smith’s contentions had not been settled by this Court’s resolution of the earlier appeal.

See id. at 569, 283 A.3d at 737.

       Nonetheless, the Appellate Court concluded that Smith’s is not one of the “rare

cases” that merits “[t]he extreme sanction of dismissal of an indictment” for due process

violations.

13 Smith, 255

 Md. App. at 576, 283 A.3d at 741. Rather, the Court held, the

State’s misconduct in Smith’s case warranted “the most severe sanction” “typically”

available for Brady violations: a new trial, which this Court had ordered for him. Smith,

255 Md. App. at 576, 283 A.3d at 741. After reviewing case law concerning Brady


       12
         The Attorney General did not agree, however, with Smith’s double jeopardy
argument. See Smith, 255 Md. App. at 568, 283 A.3d at 737. And, as it has in this Court,
the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys supported Smith’s due process position in an
amicus curiae brief filed with the Appellate Court. See Smith, 255 Md. App. at 568 n.14,
283 A.3d at 736 n.14.
      13
         The Appellate Court also concluded that Smith’s double jeopardy argument did
not warrant dismissal of the indictment. See Smith, 255 Md. App. at 577-80, 283 A.3d at
742-43.

                                          - 10 -
violations, the Appellate Court used the following standard for assessing whether dismissal

of an indictment is appropriate: “where a defendant shows willful misconduct by the State,

dismissal is appropriate only when: (1) the misconduct results in irreparable prejudice; and

(2) no less drastic alternative is available.” Smith, 255 Md. App. at 576, 283 A.3d at 741.

       The Appellate Court began with the premise that a new trial is the normal remedy

for Brady violations and that Brady’s “underlying principle” “is not punishment of society

for misdeeds of a prosecutor but avoidance of an unfair trial to the accused.” Smith, 255

Md. App. at 570, 283 A.3d at 737-38 (quoting Brady,

373 U.S. at 87

) (internal quotation

marks omitted). The Court recognized Maryland case law stating that, in other contexts,

dismissal is an “extreme sanction” that “should be used sparingly, if at all.” Id. at 570, 283

A.3d at 737-38 (cleaned up). The Court observed, however, that neither the Supreme Court

of the United States nor Maryland case law has authorized dismissal as a remedy for a

Brady violation. See Smith, 255 Md. App. at 570-71, 283 A.3d at 738. Unpersuaded by

Smith’s argument that this Court’s holding in Williams v. State,

416 Md. 670

7 A.3d 1038


(2010) supported his position, the Appellate Court characterized as dicta the reference to

dismissal of the indictment in that case—“dismissal of an indictment as a sanction is

appropriate only where less drastic alternatives are not available”—because this Court held

that no Brady violation occurred. Smith, 255 Md. App. at 571-72, 283 A.3d at 738-39

(quoting Williams,

416 Md. at 693

n.8, 7 A.3d at 1051 n.8) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

The Appellate Court looked to other jurisdictions’ treatment of dismissal as a

remedy for a Brady violation. See Smith, 255 Md. App. at 572, 283 A.3d at 739. The

- 11 -
Court described circumstances under which United States Courts of Appeals and the

Supreme Court of Alabama declined to order dismissal of charges due to Brady violations

where the defendant either could not prove that the prosecutor’s misconduct was willful or

that prejudice could not be cured by a new trial, or both. See Smith, 255 Md. App. at 572-

74, 283 A.3d at 739-40. Drawing on the reasoning in those and other cases from federal

and State appellate courts, which emphasize that dismissal is a rare remedy that is

appropriate only “when less drastic alternatives are not available[,]” the Appellate Court

concluded that dismissal of an indictment for Brady violations is appropriate only when

the “defendant shows willful misconduct by the State” that so prejudices the defendant that

no fair trial is possible. Smith, 255 Md. App. at 574-576, 283 A.3d at 740-741.

Applying the above rubric, the Appellate Court concluded that, although Smith had

established the State’s willful misconduct, Smith had failed to show that he “suffered

irreparable prejudice that could not be corrected by a new trial.” Id. at 576, 283 A.3d at

741. The Court reasoned that Smith could utilize all of the evidence that had previously

been suppressed in his new trial and that he could also introduce other newly discovered

evidence, such as the palm prints. See id. at 576, 283 A.3d at 741. Recognizing the

challenge facing Smith from Haddaway’s death, the Appellate Court nonetheless

determined that her prior testimony “could be excluded from the State’s case-in-chief” due

to the State’s misconduct, but used by Smith to impeach other witnesses “if he thought it

was in his best interest.” Id. at 577, 283 A.3d at 741-42. As for fading memories of other

witnesses, the Appellate Court concluded that “the record reflects prior statements made.”

Id. at 577, 283 A.3d at 742. The Court stated that “a remedy less drastic than dismissal

- 12 -
could be found” and that, therefore, Smith had “failed to meet his burden to show that due

process required the extreme remedy of dismissal of the charges” due to the State’s

suppression of evidence at his first trial. Id. at 577, 283 A.3d at 742.

Petition for a Writ of Certiorari

On November 15, 2022, Smith petitioned for a writ of certiorari, raising the

following two issues:

1. Does the State’s two-decade-long pattern of intentional, willful, and/or
reckless misconduct, including widespread suppression of exculpatory
evidence under Brady v. Maryland,

 (1963) and knowing false
       statements, mandate dismissal with prejudice under the Due Process Clause?

              A. Did the lower courts apply an erroneous standard and/or err in their
              evaluation of the prejudice suffered by Mr. Smith?

              B. Did the lower courts apply an erroneous standard and/or err in their
              determination that there was a less drastic alternative remedy to
              dismissal with prejudice?

       2. Did the lower courts apply an erroneous standard or err in concluding that
       double jeopardy principles did not bar Mr. Smith’s retrial despite the State’s
       bad faith misconduct that prosecutors purposefully hid until long after trial?

On November 30, 2022, the State filed an answer to the petition for a writ of certiorari in

which it “agree[d] with Smith that this Court should grant certiorari review and reverse

the judgment of the [Appellate Court] as to due process.” The State opposed the petition

“as to double jeopardy, however, because it does not raise a genuine issue of broad public

concern.” (Citation omitted). We granted the petition, limited to the first question set forth

in the petition, i.e., we did not grant the petition as to the double jeopardy question. See

Smith v. State,

482 Md. 534

288 A.3d 1231

 (2023).




                                          - 13 -
                                      DISCUSSION

                                       Introduction

       Smith and the State agree that the charges against Smith should be dismissed on due

process grounds based on the Brady violations in the case, the State’s admission that it

engaged in willful misconduct, and irreparable harm caused by the State’s misconduct. An

appellate court reviews questions of law and constitutional interpretation de novo. See,

e.g., State v. Hart,

449 Md. 246, 264

144 A.3d 609, 619

 (2016). The Due Process Clause

of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, made applicable to the States

through the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibits the government from engaging in conduct

that “shocks the conscience” or that “interferes with rights implicit in the concept of

ordered liberty[.]” United States v. Salerno,

481 U.S. 739, 746

 (1987) (cleaned up).

Generally, where a Brady violation occurs, a new trial is the appropriate remedy. See

Williams v. State,

183 Md. App. 517, 526

962 A.2d 440, 445

 (2008), rev’d on other

grounds,

416 Md. 670

7 A.3d 1038

 (2010). A court may, however, dismiss an indictment

as a sanction in an extraordinary case of misconduct by the State where no less drastic

remedy is available. See Williams,

416 Md. at 693

 n.8, 7 A.3d at 1051 n.8. Consistent

with our observations in Williams, courts in other jurisdictions and the Appellate Court in

this case have set forth, in essence, the following standard for dismissal on due process

grounds as the sanction for government misconduct: (1) willful misconduct, i.e.,

intentional, knowing, or reckless misconduct, which may be shown through egregious

misconduct or a pattern of repeated misconduct, along with: (2) irreparable prejudice; and

(3) no less feasible alternative to dismissal to alleviate the prejudice. See, e.g., Gov’t of


                                         - 14 -
Virgin Islands v. Fahie,

419 F.3d 249, 254-57

 (3d Cir. 2005); People v. Velasco-Palacios,

185 Cal. Rptr. 3d 286, 293-95

 (Cal. Ct. App. 2015); United States v. Lang, No. 1:15-cv-

00018-WAL-GWC,

2019 WL 1673317

, *5, 11, 21 (D.V.I. Apr. 17, 2019), appeal

dismissed, No. 19-2124,

2019 WL 5966406

 (3d Cir. June 5, 2019). And, in United States

v. Pasha,

797 F.3d 1122, 1139

 (D.C. Cir. 2015), a case cited by both parties, a similar three-

pronged standard was recognized:

       (1) a Brady violation requires a remedy of a new trial; (2) such new trial may
       require striking evidence, a special jury instruction, or other additional
       curative measures tailored to address persistent prejudice; and (3) if the
       lingering prejudice of a Brady violation has removed all possibility that the
       defendant could receive a new trial that is fair, the indictment must be
       dismissed.

       Ordinarily, an appeal of a trial court’s denial of a motion to dismiss criminal charges

must await a final judgment. See In re Franklin P.,

366 Md. 306, 335

783 A.2d 673, 690


(2001). In Franklin,

id. at 313-14

, 783 A.3d at 677-78, this Court held that a trial court’s

denial of a motion to dismiss criminal charges for lack of jurisdiction was not immediately

appealable under the collateral order doctrine. This Court explained that the trial court’s

denial of the motion to dismiss was “completely reviewable on appeal” after a final

judgment. Id. at 328,

783 A.2d at 686

. In this case, Smith initially contended that an

interlocutory appeal was permitted under the collateral order doctrine. Smith and the State,

however, entered into the conditional Alford plea and Smith withdrew the interlocutory

appeal, leaving this Court in the position of reviewing the denial of motion to dismiss

without a retrial having occurred.

Based on the proffer of facts in the conditional plea agreement, we have no difficulty

- 15 -
in determining that the first factor of the standard for evaluating whether a violation of due

process warrants dismissal is satisfied. The State has admitted it engaged in egregious

misconduct that was willful, i.e., intentional, knowing, or reckless. Despite the proffer,

though, there is less than sufficient information to assess with certainty the applicability of

the last two factors: irreparable prejudice and whether a feasible alternative other than

dismissal would alleviate the prejudice.

Irreparable Prejudice and Feasible Alternative to Dismissal

In the circuit court, the State had agreed not to use Haddaway’s testimony at retrial

in its case-in-chief, and Smith contended that testimony from other witnesses had been

influenced by Haddaway’s improper role in the case. Before this Court, Smith has argued,

and the State has agreed, that Haddaway’s actions “infected the case” to such an extent

that, with Haddaway’s death, Smith could never effectively counter that influence in a

retrial. The parties assert that the State’s misconduct so prejudiced Smith that he could not

get a fair trial for four reasons: the memory problems of many witnesses, including key

ones; the deaths of four witnesses; the inability of the defense to timely investigate leads

while they were fresh, compromising what evidence would have been developed; and the

benefit to the State of seeing the defense strategy over the many years of Smith’s appeals.

Clearly, the State’s actions and intervening circumstances created serious prejudice

to Smith. Less clear is whether the prejudice is irreparable and whether there is no less

drastic measure than dismissal. We are cognizant that the State has taken the extraordinary

step of concluding that Smith cannot receive a fair trial—and the parties argue that it is an

admission that should carry great weight. If the State had arrived at that conclusion prior

- 16 -
to Smith’s entry of the conditional Alford plea, we would not be here. Nonetheless, we

commend the State for taking a position consistent with its obligation to see that justice is

done.

That said, we agree with the Appellate Court that the State’s agreement does not

resolve the issue.14 On the other hand, we do not share the Appellate Court’s confidence

about the availability of a less drastic remedy than dismissal—after an assessment of the

prejudice, the conclusion that a new trial would provide a fair remedy is a possibility, but

we cannot answer that question definitively. Speaking literally, a “fair trial” cannot be an

appropriate lesser remedy here because under the procedural posture of this case, no trial

will ever occur regardless of the Appellate Court’s decision or ours. The remedy of a retrial

is, in actuality, not available.

Equally as important, at bottom, the uncertainty about the evidence that would be

introduced makes it difficult to ascertain whether the prejudice is irreparable or whether

evidentiary rulings could be crafted to allow a fair trial. For instance, at oral argument, the

State declined to take a firm position as to whether on retrial it would have introduced

The Appellate Court correctly considered the public’s “expectation that those who
14

have been charged with crimes will be fairly prosecuted to the full extent of the law.”
Smith, 255 Md. App. at 576, 283 A.3d at 741 (cleaned up). We note, though, that in
protecting the fairness of prosecutions, courts must consider the value of a remedy’s
deterrence to discourage “future prosecutions from engaging in the same misconduct as
occurred here.” United States v. Bundy,

968 F.3d 1019, 1044

(9th Cir. 2020). The
Supreme Court of the United States has observed, where governmental misconduct is
concerned, that the point “is not punishment of society for misdeeds of a prosecutor but”
to prevent unfairness in other trials, because “[s]ociety wins when . . . criminal trials are
fair; our system of the administration of justice suffers when any accused is treated
unfairly.” Brady, 373 U.S at 87.

- 17 -
evidence of Smith’s conversation with Haddaway, which Bollinger used to solicit Smith’s

confession. In response to questioning from this Court on that issue, the State said first

that it would be speculation to guess at how that evidence would have been handled,

because the State never committed to not introduce Bollinger’s statement that Smith

confessed to him, after Bollinger informed Smith that Haddaway had recorded him

confessing to her. However, the State then agreed with the Court that the State, in the

conjectural retrial, likely “would have proceeded on a confession-based type of case.”

There is also the open question of how the parties and circuit court would have addressed

the interconnections between Haddaway, Andrews (Smith’s codefendant, who cooperated

with the prosecution), and Andrews’s counsel, who also has passed away, as the State in a

hypothetical retrial would have sought to have Andrews testify.

Despite uncertainty about the parties’ potential strategies and conjecture about how

evidentiary rulings would be resolved, at oral argument, the State expressed the view that

the defense would face an “untenable decision” regarding how to treat Haddaway now that

she is deceased:

to either abandon Haddaway’s role entirely and let the State focus its case on
the confessions, although even that is . . . not a clear path, or to make
Haddaway a central feature [] by introducing the remnants of her testimony
in other ways [] and that would have created a host of evidentiary problems.
. . . We can anticipate that much even if we don’t know how they would be
resolved. And we believe that that is [] a burden on the defense that has been
created by the State’s misconduct here.

The parties assert that this Court could conclude that the State’s misconduct

irreparably prejudiced Smith, preventing a fair trial, based on known facts, rather than

speculation about what could have happened at a new trial. But the reality remains that

- 18 -
how the evidence would have developed at retrial requires a great deal of speculation. For

example, we know little or nothing of substance about how the impaired memories of

Bollinger and the original prosecutor would have affected Smith’s defense. We decline to

so speculate.

Fitzgerald and Lang

Smith cites two cases in which a court has determined that a defendant’s case should

be dismissed after the defendant was convicted because the defendant could not receive a

fair retrial: Fitzgerald,

615 F.Supp.2d 1156

, and Lang,

2019 WL 1673317

.15 Both cases

are distinguishable.

       First, Fitzgerald and Lang involved much simpler evidentiary issues than Smith’s

case. In Fitzgerald,

615 F.Supp.2d at 1158, 1162

, the defendant was convicted of tax fraud

in connection with the tax returns of the primary witness for the government, who

cooperated with the prosecution in exchange for a benefit, but died after trial. The District

Court concluded that “[t]he Government’s case was depend[e]nt on the testimony” of the

deceased witness, that “the case came down to a credibility contest between” the defendant

and the deceased witness, and that the Government had willfully suppressed recordings of

conversations between the deceased witness and another person that could have been used

to effectively impeach the deceased witness.

Id. at 1162

. Because such cross-examination

was essential to the defense, but lost forever with the death of the witness, the Court


       15
         We note that Rule 5.7 of the Internal Operating Procedures of the Appellate
Division of the District Court for the District of the Virgin Islands states that because the
District Court “does not regard unpublished opinions as precedents that bind the Court, the
Court does not normally cite to its unpublished opinions as authority.”

                                         - 19 -
determined that “a retrial would be substantially prejudicial.”

Id.

 Although there is a

similarity between the cases in that both involve deceased witnesses, here, unlike the

deceased witness in Fitzgerald, while Haddaway’s testimony was very important to the

State’s case, she was not the lynchpin of the prosecution.         Significantly, unlike in

Fitzgerald, Smith’s codefendant Andrews cooperated with the prosecution and testified to

Smith’s role in the crime at his first trial, and Bollinger testified that Smith confessed to

him.

       In Lang,

2019 WL 1673317

at *1-3, the defendant was convicted of bank robbery

and conspiracy to commit bank robbery, but the government suppressed investigative

reports indicating that other people were responsible for the robbery, including an

individual who became a confidential informant in an unrelated investigation into drug

trafficking. As the defendant was never identified by an eyewitness and the second person

involved was never identified or arrested, the reports identified three other individuals as

involved in the robbery and being investigated by law enforcement for the crime. See id.

at *2. The same reports indicated that the confidential informant looked like the defendant

and had access to a firearm consistent with the one used in the robbery, and identified the

existence of a potential witness for the defense who could testify that the confidential

informant and his associates were responsible for the robbery. See id. at *2.

Significantly, the reports contained the statement of a potential witness that the

three individuals (the confidential informant and his associates) were the ones who

committed the robbery. See id. The District Court determined that the government

recklessly withheld the witness’s statement, which was Brady material, and made false

- 20 -
representations regarding the evidence, constituting a pattern of violations that

demonstrated “reckless, and therefore willful, misconduct.” Id. at *14, 16-19 (cleaned up).

The Court concluded that the defendant was so prejudiced that a new trial could not be fair

due to the significance of the suppressed evidence, the time that had passed (four-and-a-

half years), and that the defendant had to lay out his defense strategy in the Brady

proceedings, giving the government an unfair advantage in a retrial. See id. at *21-23.

Although there are parallels between the nature of the suppressed materials as relating to

alternative perpetrators, here, unlike in Lang, there is important other evidence of Smith’s

involvement in the crime. As already stated, here, Smith confessed, and Andrews testified

that Smith was involved and implicated him in the crime, which are circumstances missing

from Lang.

In addition, in reversing the circuit court’s denial of Smith’s petition for actual

innocence in Smith,

468 Md. at 479-80

, this Court ordered retrial rather

than vacating his conviction. On review of his petition for actual innocence, on brief in

this Court, Smith requested

       that this Court hold that his new innocence evidence is material and grant his
       writ of actual innocence. In light of the unavailability of Haddaway—the
       State’s key witness—at any future trial, [] Smith respectfully asks the Court
       to vacate his conviction. In the alternative, [] Smith asks the Court to remand
       his case to the circuit court for a new trial.

(Footnote omitted). Similarly, in his reply brief in Smith,

,

Smith stated: “For the reasons set forth above and in [] Smith’s opening brief, [] Smith

respectfully asks the Court to grant his Innocence Petition and vacate his conviction or, in

the alternative, remand his case for a new trial.” But, this Court did not grant Smith’s


                                         - 21 -
request to vacate the conviction and, instead, specifically ordered a new trial.16 Neither

Fitzgerald17 nor Lang18 was in a similar procedural posture.

       Also, as explained above, unlike the defendants in Fitzgerald and Lang, Smith has

made a statement acknowledging involvement in the crime. Although it is unclear how the

State would handle the matter of information about Haddaway’s conversation with Smith

having been disclosed in Bollinger’s interview of Smith, at oral argument, the State advised

the prosecution likely would use Smith’s confession at retrial.        Smith has not only

previously confessed but also has entered an Alford plea containing an acknowledgment

that the State has sufficient evidence to support a prima facie case that a jury might rely

upon to return a guilty verdict.

       Generally, in Maryland, defendants who enter Alford pleas acknowledge that there

is sufficient evidence for the jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

“An Alford plea arises when a defendant maintains his or her innocence, but concedes that

the State could adduce enough evidence to prove him or her guilty of the crime

charged[.]” Cain v. State,

386 Md. 320

, 326 n.7,

872 A.2d 681

, 684 n.7 (2005). “In an


       16
          Our recognition of this procedural difference should not be read as suggesting that
in Smith,

, we addressed the claims Smith presented with his
motion to dismiss. As the Appellate Court properly concluded, we did not. See Smith,
255 Md. App. at 569, 283 A.3d at 737.
       17
          In Fitzgerald,

615 F.Supp.2d at 1158

, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
had affirmed the District Court’s order granting Fitzgerald a new trial on a ground unrelated
to the Brady violation, and, on remand, Fitzgerald moved to dismiss based on the Brady
issue.
       18
          In Lang,

2019 WL 1673317

 at *1, 23, upon finding that the government recklessly
failed to disclose exculpatory material prior to trial, the trial court granted a motion to
dismiss the indictment after the jury had returned a verdict of guilty on bank robbery and
conspiracy charges.

                                         - 22 -
Alford plea, a defendant admits that the State has sufficient evidence to obtain a conviction,

but does not admit to committing the crime.” Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Smith,

442 Md. 14

, 24 n.8,

109 A.3d 1184

, 1190 n.8 (2015) (citing Alford,

400 U.S. 25

).

       This Court has often indicated that an Alford plea requires a factual basis for a

finding of guilt (i.e., a proffer or an agreed statement of facts). “In an Alford plea . . . the

defendant, while maintaining innocence, agrees to a proffer of stipulated evidence or to an

agreed statement of facts that provides a factual basis for a finding of guilt.” Franklin v.

State,

470 Md. 154

, 168 n.1,

235 A.3d 1

, 8 n.1 (2020) (citing Jackson v. State,

448 Md. 387

, 391 n.3,

139 A.3d 976

, 978 n.3 (2016)); see also Smith,

468 Md. at 438

 n.6,

227 A.3d at 596

n.6.

In this case, at the plea proceeding, after reviewing the written proffer, the circuit

court found that there was “a sufficient factual basis by which a finder of fact, a judge or a

jury, could find the Defendant guilty of first-degree felony murder and daytime

housebreaking[,]” i.e., the evidence established Smith’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.

Despite the inclusion of proffered facts in the plea agreement about the State’s misconduct,

the circuit court accepted the plea and found facts sufficient for conviction. These are

extraordinary circumstances that distinguish this case from cases relied on by the parties.

Neither Fitzgerald nor Lang confessed and conditionally pled guilty and then asked for the

case to be dismissed on due process grounds.

Further, unlike in Fitzgerald and Lang, there is no possibility that a retrial will ever

occur in this case. Under the terms of the conditional plea agreement, Smith reserved his

right to appeal the denial of his motion to dismiss, as a dispositive question. This means

- 23 -
that the parties anticipated that if this Court were to hold that Smith was unable to receive

a fair trial, with Smith’s plea having been conditional, his conviction would be vacated,19

and there would necessarily be no retrial as a result of this Court’s holding. On other hand,

if this Court were to affirm the denial of Smith’s motion to dismiss, his conviction pursuant

to the Alford plea and his sentence would stand as is (suspended sentence and probation);

again, there would be no retrial. In other words, the occurrence of a retrial is illusory,

meaning this Court is essentially being asked to issue something akin to an advisory

opinion.20

This Court is being asked to issue an opinion as if there had been a retrial or would

be a retrial without knowing whether key evidence would have been or would be admitted

at the trial. As discussed above, despite the agreement that Haddaway’s testimony would

not be admissible in the State’s case in chief, the uncertainty about the evidence that would

be introduced at retrial makes it difficult to assess whether Smith has suffered irreparable

prejudice for which no remedy other than dismissal is appropriate. And since no retrial

will happen regardless of our ruling on its hypothetical fairness, we decline to address the

merits of the motion to dismiss.

Conclusion

For the reasons stated herein, we vacate the Appellate Court’s judgment and remand

the case to that Court with instructions to remand the case to the circuit court to vacate its

19
Although the plea agreement does not explicitly state this, it follows from the
requirements for a conditional plea that it preserves for review only issues that would be
dispositive on appeal. See Md. Rule 4-242(d).
20
We do not fault the Appellate Court for not grappling with this peculiar dynamic.

- 24 -
order denying the motion to dismiss. Smith, if he chooses, would be able to withdraw his

conditional Alford plea. The case would be restored to the posture ordered in Smith,

468 Md. at 480

, in which we remanded Smith’s case for a new trial.

       At oral argument in this Court, when asked about a hypothetical similar to the

outcome we reach today, the State took the position that it would not prosecute Smith:

       JUSTICE BIRAN: If this conviction were vacated but if we didn’t order a
       dismissal, and we sent it back and said, “State, you’ve said to us in our Court
       that he should no longer be prosecuted, take it from here,” the State would
       dismiss, wouldn’t it?

       [THE STATE]: I think the State would be duty-bound to do so.

Nothing in this Court’s mandate in Smith,

468 Md. at 480

, prohibits the

State from abiding by the position it took in this Court at oral argument (or, for that matter,

previously prohibited the State from taking such a position on remand in the circuit court).

       Due to the unique nature of this case—the State’s concession of the egregious nature

of its misconduct, the unusual factual and evidentiary circumstances, and the procedural

posture resulting from the conditional plea under which Smith will have no trial, fair or

unfair, regardless of a holding on the merits—we return the case to the circuit court so that

Smith may decide whether to withdraw his Alford plea and, if Smith does so, the State may

act in accord with its concessions in briefing and at oral argument before the Appellate

Court and this Court.21


       21
         As a final matter, we note that in the conditional plea agreement, the State and the
defense agreed that then-Deputy State’s Attorney Marie Hill intentionally, willfully, or
recklessly suppressed exculpatory evidence by, including but not limited to, withholding
tapes of conversations between Bollinger and Haddaway, failing to notify trial counsel of


                                          - 25 -
                                   JUDGMENT OF THE APPELLATE COURT OF
                                   MARYLAND VACATED. CASE REMANDED TO
                                   THAT COURT WITH INSTRUCTIONS TO
                                   REMAND THE CASE TO THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                   FOR TALBOT COUNTY WITH INSTRUCTIONS
                                   TO VACATE THE DENIAL OF THE MOTION
                                   TO DISMISS AND CONDUCT FURTHER
                                   PROCEEDINGS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THIS
                                   OPINION. RESPONDENT TO PAY COSTS.




the dismissal of criminal charges against Haddaway’s grandson in exchange for
Haddaway’s cooperation, and misrepresenting the results of DNA testing. In Attorney
Grievance Comm’n v. Cassilly,

476 Md. 309, 401, 403, 410

262 A.3d 272, 327-28, 331

(2021), where, after the defendant’s conviction, it was determined that, among other things,
the former State’s Attorney intentionally withheld exculpatory evidence and knowingly
made false statements of fact to a court and defense counsel concerning evidence, this
Court concluded that the former State’s Attorney violated Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of
Professional Conduct (“MLRPC,” renamed in 2016 as the Maryland Attorneys’ Rules
of Professional Conduct, or “MARPC”) 3.3(a)(1), 3.4(a), 3.8(d), 8.1(b), 8.4(c), 8.4(d), and
8.4(a), and imposed the sanction of disbarment. In this case, the State has acknowledged
that the former Deputy State’s Attorney engaged in misconduct that, if proven in an
attorney disciplinary proceeding, would violate the MARPC. As such, as a separate matter
from Smith’s appeal, that attorney may be subject to disciplinary proceedings under the
authority of the Attorney Grievance Commission.

                                         - 26 -
Circuit Court for Talbot County
Case No. 20-K-00-006884
Argued: May 4, 2023                                 IN THE SUPREME COURT

                                                         OF MARYLAND*

                                                               No. 31

                                                     September Term, 2022
                                             __________________________________

                                                      JONATHAN D. SMITH

                                                                 v.

                                                    STATE OF MARYLAND
                                             __________________________________

                                                    Fader, C.J.,
                                                    Watts,
                                                    Hotten,
                                                    Biran,
                                                    Gould,
                                                    Eaves,
                                                    Wilner, Alan M. (Senior Justice,
                                                        Specially Assigned)

                                                             JJ.
                                             __________________________________

                                                 Dissenting Opinion by Gould, J.,
                                                     which Wilner, J., joins.
                                             __________________________________

                                                    Filed: June 20, 2023




*During the November 8, 2022 general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a
constitutional amendment changing the name of the Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court
of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022.
       In Faulkner v. State; Smith v. State,

 (2020), we held that the trial court

abused its discretion when it denied Mr. Smith’s and Mr. Faulkner’s petitions for writ of

innocence and therefore, we ordered that the cases be remanded to the trial court for new

trials, should the State elect to proceed.

Id. at 480

. On remand, the State elected to retry

Mr. Smith, but not Mr. Faulkner.1 Pursuant to Maryland Rule 8-604(d)(1), the trial court’s

marching order from this Court was to proceed with the trial of Mr. Smith. 2 The unstated

premise behind this Court’s ruling, of course, was that a fair trial was at least potentially

within the realm of possibility.3

On remand, Mr. Smith moved to dismiss the case because of the State’s egregious

Brady4 violations. The record then before the trial court had not changed since this Court

remanded the case. When the trial court denied Mr. Smith’s motion to dismiss, he was on

track for the new trial this Court had granted him. Had he proceeded to trial, the State

1
On February 3, 2021, Mr. Faulkner’s case was placed on the stet docket.
2
Maryland Rule 8-604(d)(1) provides:

If the Court concludes that the substantial merits of a case will not be
determined by affirming, reversing or modifying the judgment, or that justice
will be served by permitting further proceedings, the Court may remand the
case to a lower court. In the order remanding a case, the appellate court shall
state the purpose for the remand. The order of remand and the opinion upon
which the order is based are conclusive as to the points decided. Upon
remand, the lower court shall conduct any further proceedings necessary to
determine the action in accordance with the opinion and order of the appellate
court.
3
This is not to say that we so held, but if otherwise, why bother remanding for a
new trial?
4
Brady v. Maryland,

(1963).
would have had the opportunity to attempt to put on a case untainted by its prior Brady

violations, Mr. Smith would have had an opportunity to object to the admission of any

evidence so tainted, and the trial court would have had the opportunity to make rulings

designed to protect Mr. Smith’s right to a fair trial.

But Mr. Smith was offered another way to resolve this matter—an Alford plea. Mr.

Smith’s decision to accept the Alford plea involved a trade-off. By taking the deal, he

secured his freedom and preserved his right to appeal the trial court’s denial of his motion

to dismiss based on the record before it at that time. In doing so, he eliminated the risk of

a conviction and a lengthy period of incarceration. Even more, he eliminated the risk that

on appeal—with a full record on which the fairness of the trial could be assessed—the

appellate courts would conclude that he had, indeed, received a fair trial notwithstanding

the State’s egregious Brady violations. Mr. Smith made a knowing, voluntary, and rational

decision to secure his freedom while maintaining at least the possibility that an appellate

court would order a dismissal of the charges.

On his subsequent appeal, the Appellate Court of Maryland was not convinced on

this record that a fair trial would have been impossible and therefore held that the trial court

had properly denied Mr. Smith’s motion to dismiss. The Appellate Court’s decision was

no doubt a difficult one, particularly given the State’s position—advanced by the Attorney

General—that a fair trial would have been impossible. But, constrained as it was by the

record before it and the governing legal principles, the Appellate Court made the right

decision.

2
Indeed, today, the Majority concedes that this Court cannot conclude, based on this

record, that Mr. Smith could not have received a fair trial. That finding should end the

analysis and cause us to affirm the judgment of the Appellate Court. But not satisfied with

that result, the Majority takes the unusual step of granting both the State and Mr. Smith a

do-over—something neither party requested. Mr. Smith gets a do-over on his decision to

accept the Alford plea; the State gets a do-over on its decision to prosecute Mr. Smith.

Clearly, the Majority hopes that the State’s Attorney for Talbot County will do what the

Attorney General’s office (and the Majority) thinks it should do—elect not to retry Mr.

Smith.

Respectfully, this Court is over-stepping its authority. The State’s Attorney has the

authority to represent the State in the trial court, Md. Const. art. V, § 9,5 and the Attorney

5
Pursuant to Article V, Section 9 of the Maryland Constitution:

The State's Attorney shall perform such duties and receive such salary as
shall be prescribed by the General Assembly. If any State's Attorney shall
receive any other fee or reward than such as is or may be allowed by law, he
shall, on conviction thereof, be removed from office; provided, that the
State's Attorney for Baltimore City shall have the power to appoint a Deputy
and such other Assistants as the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City may
authorize or approve and until otherwise provided by the General Assembly,
the said State's Attorney, Deputy and Assistants shall receive the following
annual salaries: State's Attorney, seven thousand five hundred dollars;
Deputy State's Attorney, five thousand dollars; Assistant State's Attorneys,
four thousand dollars each; said salaries, or such salaries as the General
Assembly may subsequently provide and such expenses for conducting the
office of the State's Attorney as the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City may
authorize or approve shall be paid by the Mayor and City Council of
Baltimore to the extent that the total of them exceeds the fees of his office,
or as the General Assembly shall otherwise provide, and the Mayor and City

3
General has the authority to represent the State in the appellate courts, Md. Const. art. V,

§ 3.6 The distinction between the roles of these two offices is “but another facet of the

principle of separation of powers” embodied in Article 8 of Maryland’s Declaration of

Rights that separates the functions of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the

State government.7 Murphy v. Yates,

276 Md. 475, 492

 (1975). By granting the do-overs,

this Court is improperly wading into matters of prosecutorial discretion vested exclusively

with the State’s Attorney for Talbot County.

       And this Court is doing so based on the contrived premise that a retrial is “illusory”

and “will [n]ever occur in this case[,]” and that therefore deciding this case would be “akin

to an advisory opinion.” Maj. Op. 23-24. But that a trial will never occur in the current




       Council of Baltimore shall not be liable for appearance fees to the State's
       Attorney.
(Emphasis added). See also Murphy v. Yates,

276 Md. 475, 489-90

 (1975); Md. Code Ann.,
Crim. Proc. (2001, 2018 Repl. Vol.) § 15-102.

       6
        Article V, Section 3 of the Maryland Constitution outlines the Attorney General’s
responsibilities:
       (a) The Attorney General shall:
              (1) Prosecute and defend on the part of the State all cases pending in the
              appellate courts of the State, in the Supreme Court of the United States or
              the inferior Federal Courts, by or against the State, or in which the State may
              be interested, except those criminal appeals otherwise prescribed by the
              General Assembly.

       7
        Article 8 of Maryland’s Declaration of Rights provides: “[t]hat the Legislative,
Executive and Judicial powers of Government ought to be forever separate and distinct
from each other; and no person exercising the functions of one of said Departments shall
assume or discharge the duties of any other.”

                                               4
posture of the case is irrelevant. We granted writ of certiorari to decide the following

questions:

       1.    Does the State’s two-decade-long pattern of intentional, willful,
       and/or reckless misconduct, including widespread suppression of
       exculpatory evidence under Brady v. Maryland,