Zimmer v. McKeithen’s Empirical Analysis
485 F.2d 1297 · 1973
Citation profile
229 federal appellate · 10 district · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 433 later decisions (12 by the Supreme Court) — most recently December 2023 · most notably Thornburg v. Gingles (1986), City of Mobile v. Bolden (1980)
229 federal appellate · 10 district · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1973C (§ 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965)
Relies on Reynolds v. Sims · Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education · Gomillion v. Lightfoot · White v. Regester · Whitcomb v. Chavis
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 433 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“attempts to circumvent the Constitution.”
17 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the existence of past discrimination in general precludes the effective participation (by blacks) in the election system,”
10 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“upon proof of the existence of an aggregate of these factors.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.